E

East Indies ( 130 )
(SEE ALSO: Asia; Australia; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippine Islands)
		1634	Herbert, T.
		1644	Van der Hagen, S.
		1686	Tachard, G.
		1704	Tappe, D.
		1754	Renard, L.
		1773	Bernardin de St.-Pierre, J.H.
		1780	Herbert & Michelson
		1811	Marsden, W.
x		1820	Diard & Duvaucel (DD; Singapore; 160.)
x		1820a	Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; m145.)
x		1820	Raffles, T.S. (DD; Singapore; m174, 180.)
x		1821a	Home, E. (DD; Sumatra; m268.)
		1821	Raffles, T.S.
		1835	Raffles, T.S. (DD; Singapore)
		1838	Unienville, M.C.A.M. d'
x		1838	Waterhouse, G.R. (DD; Sumatra; 35.)
		1839	Rigg, J. (Mioc., Java)
		1845	Brumund, J.F.G. (DD; Aru Islands)
		1846	Cantor, T.E. (DD; Malaysia)
		1862	Galvano, A.
		1867	Rosenberg, C.B.H.v (DD; Aru Islands)
x		1869a	Bickmore, A.S. (DD; Aru Islands; 244.)
x		1869b	Bickmore, A.S. (DD; Aru Islands; 182.)
		1875	Milne-Edwards, A.
		1889	Jacobsen (DD; Indonesia)
		1895	Ridley, H.W. (Malay Peninsula)
		1900	Flower, S.S. (DD)
		1901b	Finsch, O.
x		1905	Linstow, O.v. (DD; Penang; nematode Ascaris halicoris; m258.)
		1905	Pitot, A.
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; Coral Sea, 49; Malay Archipelago, 63-64.)
		1907	Gardiner, J.S.
x		1908	Hanitsch, R. (DD from Borneo; in capt., Singapore, in 1895; 13.)
		1909	Fauvel, A.A.
		1910	Fryer, J.C.F.
		1925	Chasen, F.N. (DD; Singapore)
		1929	Dammermann, K.W. (DD; Boeroe Is.)
		1931	Banks, E.A.
		1938	Asano, N.
		1939	Hirasaka, K.
		1947	Tate, G.H.H.
		1951	Delsman, H.C.
x	*	1952	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (Indosiren javanensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Mioc., Java; 610-612.)
		1954	Tweedie & Harrison (DD; Malaysia)
		1956	Holme, T.K. (Malaya)
		1959	Apaiwongs, C.
x	*	1963	Pfeffer, P. (DD; Indonesia; 149-151.)
x		1965	Harrisson, T. (DD; Borneo, Sabah; status; 103.)
		1965	Medway, L.
		1966	Harrison, J.L. (DD; Singapore)
		1969	De Silva, G.S. (Sabah)
		1969	Dupon, J.F.
		1970	Bland, G.C.
x		1971	Almeida, A. de (DD; Timor; legends; 209, 211-212, 220.)
		1971	Chin, L. (Sarawak)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr.; 308-309.)
x		1974	Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Indonesia; need for survey; 18-19.)
		1974	Langham, N.P.E. (DD; Malaysia)
		1974a	MacVeigh, W.P.
x		1974b	Macveigh, W.P. (DD; Johore Strait; Bland's [1970] report; 117.)
x		1974	Morton, B.S. (DD; Johore Strait; challenges Bland's [1970] report; 172.)
		1974	Phillipps, C. (DD; Sabah)
x	*	1976	Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; 33-48.)
		1976	Langham, N.P.E. (DD; Malaysia)
x		1976	Tas'an (DD from Sulawesi; in capt., Jakarta; 1-12.)
x		1977	Van Bree & Duguy (DD; Indochina & New Caledonia; 290-291.)
x		1978	Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; Celebes, Luzon, Mulgrave & Thursday Islands; 301-303.)
x		1978	Taylor, D. (DD; Sumatra; tears used as aphrodisiac; 203-213.)
		1978	Tweedie, M.W.F. (DD)
x		1979	Budiarso et al. (DD; Sulawesi; nasal parasites; 568.)
		1979	Irwandi & Jarman (DD; Indonesia)
x		1979	Kamiya et al. (DD; Sulawesi; organ weights; 129-131.)
x		1979	Miyazaki et al. (DD; Sulawesi; metals & organochlorines in tissues; 125-126.)
x	*	1979	Tas'an et al. (DD; Indonesia; distr., capture, & captive maintenance; 1-30.)
x		1980	Blair, D. (DD; Indonesia; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 512-513.)
	*	1980	Compost, A. (DD; Aru Islands)
x		1981b	Blair, D. (DD; Indonesia; parasitic flukes; 15.)
x	*	1981	Hendrokusumo et al. (DD; Indonesia; distr.; 10-18.)
		1982	Rancurel & Intes (DD; New Caledonia; remains in tiger shark stomachs)
		1984a	Salm & Usher (DD; Indonesia)
		1984b	Salm & Usher (DD; Indonesia)
x		1987	Whitten et al. (DD; Sulawesi; distr.; 208-209.)
		1988d	Anon. (DD; Singapore)
x		1988	Ho, H.C. (DD; Singapore, Malaysia; 22-25.)
		1989	Petocz, R.G. (DD; Irian Jaya)
		1989	Chambers & Bani (DD; Vanuatu)
		1990	Sigurdsson & Yang (DD; Singapore)
x	*	1990	Sigurdsson & Yang (DD; Singapore; 25-29, 33-34.)
x	*	1991	Pietsch, T.W. (mermaid painting by S. Fallours probably based on a dugong from Ambon; 1-25.)
x		1992	Whitten & Whitten (DD; Indonesia; pop. acc.; 60-61.)
x		1993	Erftemeijer et al. (DD; South Sulawesi; stomach contents; 229-233.)
x		1993	Marsh et al. (DD; Oceania; conservation; 232-234.)
		1993	Sea Aueng et al. (DD; Thailand)
x		1994	Ho et al. (DD; Singapore; gen. acc.; 249.)
x		1994	Kemper et al. (DD; Sulawesi; heavy metals, organochlorines; 131-133, 135, 137.)
x		1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (DD; distr. & status; 161, 163.)
x		1994	Payne & Francis (DD; Borneo; gen. acc.; 291.)
x		1995	De Iongh, Wenno & Meelis (DD; Ambon, Indonesia; seagrasses & grazing; 1-19.)
x		1995	De Iongh, Wenno et al. (Lease Islands, Indonesia; aerial survey; 759-761.)
x		1995	Knappert, J. (Malaysia, Indonesia, Manus Islands; legends of origin of dugong; 68.)
		1996	De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Aru, Indonesia)
		1996	De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia; in capt.; food preferences)
x		1996	Blaszkiewitz & Reinhard (DD; in capt., Surabaya; 878-881.)
		1996	De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Aru, Indonesia; status)
		1996	Persoon & De Iongh (DD; Indonesia)
		1996	Reinhard, R. (TMM, Singapore; DD, Jakarta, Surabaya; in capt.; 22-24.)
x		1997	Beasley & Jefferson (DD; Borneo; distr.; 194, 202, 204, pl. 34.)
x		1997	De Iongh et al. (DD; Indonesia, Lease Islands; behavior; 71-77.)
		1998	De Iongh et al. (DD; Lease Islands, Indonesia)
x		1999	Abdullah, M.K. (DD; in capt., Malaysia; release policy; 8.)
		1999	De Iongh, H.H. (DD; Indonesia; marine reserves)
		2001	Chua et al. (DD; Singapore; in capt.)
		2001	Chua et al. (DD, in capt.; Singapore)
		2003	Kuriandewa et al. (DD; in capt.; Indonesia; 180.)
		2006	Rajamani et al. (DD; Sabah, Malaysia; indigenous use and trade)
		2010	Rajamani & Marsh (DD; Malaysia; aerial surveys & conservation)
		2011	Adulyanukosol et al. (DD; Thailand; morphology and organ weight)
		2012	Tan et al. (DD, Singapore)
		2013	Rajamani, L. (DD; Sulu Sea, Malaysia; community knowledge & conservation)
		2015	Nontji, A. (DD; Indonesia; "dugong princess" legends)
		2017	Cleguer et al. (DD; New Caledonia; abundance)
		2017	Hashim, M. et al. (DD; Johor Straits, Malaysia; conservation)
		2017	Moore et al. (DD; Indonesia; conservation, economic use, folklore)
		2018	Syafutra et al. (DD; Bangka Island, Indonesia)
		2018	Angelo, G. C. (DD; Timor-Leste)
		2019	Nurdin et al. (DD; Indonesia; nutritional value of seagrass species)
		2020	Idris et al. (DD; Bintan Island, Indonesia)
		2020	Cherdsukjai et al. (DD; Thailand; age determination by telomere length, body length & weight)
		2021	Forth, G. (DD; Flores Island; myths & superstitions; economic uses)
		2022	Ng et al. (DD; Johor & Singapore Straits; community ecology; conservation)

Ecology: Ecology: SEE Behavior; Community Ecology; Food; Food Plants; Insect Control; Migration and Movements; Natural Enemies; Paleoecology; Parasites; Parasitology; Pollution, Effects of; Population Biology; Salinity Tolerance; Temperature, Effects of; Weed Control ( 0 )

Economic Uses ( 239 )
(SEE ALSO: Archeological Sites, Sirenia at; Hunting and Capture; Medicinal Applications; Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance; Weed Control)
x		1665	Rochefort, C. de (TMM; Antilles; hide, meat; 194-195.)
x		1666	La Barre, A. (TMM; Guianas; meat obtained by French, English, & Dutch; 14.)
x		1667	Rochefort, C. de (TMM; Antilles; hide, meat; 391-394.)
		1678	Exquemelin, A.O.
x	*	1735	Vieira, A. (Trichechus; Amazonia, Brazil; >20 shiploads/year exported, ca. 1658; 26.)
x		1743	Barrere, P. (TMM; French Guiana; meat; 161-162.)
		1746	Barbot, J.
		1762	Queirós, J. de S.J. (TI; Brazil; fat)
		1764	Soimonov, F.I. (HG; hide used for boats)
x		1782	Duhamel du Monceau, H.L. (Trichechus; South & Central America & Antilles; 57-59.)
x		1785	Bondaroy, A.D.F. de (Trichechus; hide; 30-32.)
x		1790	Andrada e Silva, J.B. de (Trichechus; Amazonia, Brazil; exports, 17th century; 389.)
x		1826	Wied-Neuwied, M. zu (TMM; Brazil; oil, bone; 603.)
x		1831	Spix & Martius (TI; Brazil; oil, meat, 1122; mixira, 1123.)
x		1834	Rüppell, E. (DD; Red Sea; hide, 99, 112-113; meat, 112; tusks, 113.)
x		1836	Smyth & Lowe (TI; Peru; meat; scapula used for spade; 243.)
		1837	Williams, J.L.
x		1838	Humboldt, A.v. (TMM; Orinoco R.; meat, fat, oil, hide; whips; 9.)
x		1847	Edwards, W.H. (TI; meat, hide, bone; 187.)
x		1851	Gosse, P.H. (TMM; Jamaica; meat; 345, 348-349.)
x		1853	Herndon, W.L. (TI; Peru, meat, oil, 158, 164; Santarem, Brazil, 1843 & 1846, meat, oil, 300.)
x		1853	Wallace, A.R. (TI; meat, oil; 186-187, 460-461.)
x		1855a	Gervais, P. (TI; ranching proposed; 116.)
		1856	Noronha, J.M. de (TI; Brazil; fat)
x		1857	Fairholme, J.K.E. (DD; Australia; meat, fat, oil; 353.)
x		1857	Shaw, N. (TS; meat, fat, bone, hide; m99.)
		1860	Bennett, G. (DD; Queensland)
		1862	Wight, G. (DD; Queensland; oil)
x		1869	Marcoy, P. (TI; hide, meat, oil; 1: 671-672, 2: 149, 156-157.)
		1870	Anon. (DD; Australia; oil)
x		1871	Myers & Myers (TMM; Orinoco R.; oil, hide, meat, fat; 102.)
		1872	Anon. (DD; Australia; oil)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; South America; meat, hide, oil; pop. acc.; 166.)
x		1874	Estacio da Silveira, S. (TMM; Maranhão, Brazil; food, medicine; 26-27.)
x		1874	Heriarte, M. de (Trichechus; Gurup , Brazil; exports, ca. 1662; 29.)
x		1875	Marcoy, P. (TI; hide, meat, oil; 2: 42, 187, 193-194.)
x		1876	Orton, J. (TI; oil, glue, meat; 477.)
		1876	Thorne, E. (DD; Queensland; oil)
x		1880	LeBaron, J.F. (TML; Florida; sale of skins & skulls to museums; 1006.)
x		1881	Anon. (DD; Queensland; industry, 738-747; hide, 741; meat, fat, 741-742; bones, tusks, 742; oil, 742-743.)
x		1881a	Nordenskiöld, A.E. (HG; Bering Is.; meat, 274-276; hide used for boats, 276-277; ribs used for sledge runners & carvings, 280.)
x	*	1882	Faithful, P. (DD; Queensland; meat, oil, hide, 5-7, 9-11, 13, 15; commercial fishery, 11, 13.)
x		1884b	True, F.W. (Trichechus; Americas; meat, hide, oil, bones, "stones" [ear bones]; 127-128.)
x		1885	Santa-Anna Nery, F.J. de (TI; Brazil; meat exported, 1881-82; 168.)
x		1886	Miklouho-Maclay, N. de (DD; meat, tanning of hide; m193.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (TMM; Tabasco, Mexico; hide, bones, meat; 357-358.)
		1888	Ching, J.L. (DD; Queensland; oil)
x		1888	Hart, H.C. (DD; hide; used by Hebrews for sandals & Ark; 26-27.)
		1888	Senior, W. (DD; Queensland)
x		1891	Costa e Silva, B. da (TI; Brazil; mixira; 94-95.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (DD; Australia; oil; 221.)
x		1891	Stuart, H.V. (TML; Florida; meat sold as beef in New York; 137.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (Trichechus; Brazil; meat, hide, fat; 120.)
x		1895	Thurston, E. (DD; Sri Lanka; meat, 98; fat, 99.)
x	*	1895	Veríssimo, J. (TI, Brazil, meat, fat, hide, 38, 40, 55, 93, 96, 99-102, 117, 199; TMM, Brazil, meat, 99.)
x		1897	Loyau, G.E. (DD; Queensland; 365.)
x		1897	Sinclair, W.F. (DD; meat sold in London; m198.)
x		1899	Hunt, A.E. (DD; Torres Strait; meat; m13.)
x	*	1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; hide, fat, meat; 200.)
		1902	Ravenel, W. de C. (manatee leather; m349.)
x	*	1903	Rodriguez Ferreira, A. (TI; Par , Brazil; meat, mixira, 170-171; tripe, fat, 171; tanning of hides, 173-174.)
		1904	Stevenson, C.H. (Trichechus, DD; hide)
x		1905	Chermont de Miranda, V. (etymology of word "michira"; 62.)
x		1906	Annandale, N. (DD; India; meat, oil; 242.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; tears, in perfume; 64.)
x		1909	Anon. (DD; hide, oil, meat, tusks; 93.)
x		1912	Harris, W.K. (DD; Australia; meat, oil, lard; 227-228.)
x		1915	Seale, A. (DD; Philippines; meat; m215.)
x		1917b	Anon. (Trichechus; ranching for meat; 454.)
x		1917	Fairchild, D. (TML; Florida; meat, 338-339, 342-345; hide, 344-345; bone, oil, fat, 345; DD, hide, 344.)
x		1918	Ménégaux, A. (Trichechus; potential for commercial production of meat & other products; 698-705.)
x		1920	Goldman, E.A. (TMM; Panama; meat, 69-70; hide, 70.)
	*	1922	Le Cointe, P. (TI; Brazil; statistics on export of mixira)
x		1923a	Petit, G. (DD; Red Sea; hide, tusks; 83.)
x		1923	Watson, E. (DD; China; oil; 103.)
x		1925	Bittencourt, A. (TI; Brazil; exploitation; 134-136.)
x		1925	Lee, I. (DD; Australia; meat; 19.)
x	*	1925	Steller, G.W. (HG; fat, meat; 161, 182, 228, 234-235.)
x		1926	MacCreagh, G. (TI; Tiquié R., Brazil; marinated & smoked meat; 324.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (DD; meat, hide, oil, fat, bones, tusks; 86-88.)
x		1929	Prater, S.H. (DD; India; meat, viscera; 987.)
x		1931	Moraes, R. (TI; Brazil; mixira; 67.)
x		1931	Read, B.E. (?HG; China; hide, oil; 16.)
		1933	Deraniyagala, P.E.P.
x		1934	Bittencourt, A. (TI; Brazil; mixira; 25.)
x		1934	Thomson, D.F. (DD; Australia; trade in hunting charms, 240; meat, oil, 241-242, 250; butchering, 247-250, pls. 30-31.)
x	*	1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Central America; "3 kinds of meat", oil, hide, stapes; 218.)
x		1935	Murie, A. (TMM; Belize; few brought to market; 30.)
x		1935	Sowerby, A. de C. (DD, China, tympanic bones, 81; ?HG, China, hide, oil, 82.)
x		1936	Moore, W.R. (DD; Australia; meat, oil, hide, bones; m746.)
		1937	Promus, J. (DD; Australia; commercial hunting)
x		1937	Woods, F.J. (TS; Nigeria; professional hunting & price of meat; 23-27.)
x		1939	Beal, W.P.B. (TS; raising for meat, oil, & bones proposed; 125-126.)
x		1939a	Moraes, R. (TI; Gurup , Brazil; exports, 17th century; 91.)
x		1940	Crouse, N.M. (TMM; West Indies, 17th century; m110.)
x		1940	Machado, F. de P. (TI; Brazil; meat; prices of hide; 246.)
x		1941	Landa, D. de (TMM; Yucatan; meat, fat; 16th century; 190-191.)
x	*	1941-43	Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; meat, hide; 100-102, 153, 218, 65.)
x		1943	Jobim, J. (TI; Brazil; tinted hides; 178.)
x		1944	Morais Rêgo, A.R. de (TI; Brazil; meat, mixira, hide; commercial raising; 11-12.)
x	*	1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; meat, mixira, fat, 55, 67-71, 82-85, 88-89, 91; "3 kinds of meat", 67; hide, 70, 82, 84-92; viscera, bones, 82.)
x		1945	Santos, E. (TI; Brazil; meat, fat, hide; 158-159.)
		1947	Irvine, F.R. (TS)
x		1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; Senegal; unrealized plan to raise manatees for meat during World War I; m189.)
x		1948	Mendes, A. (TI; Brazil; meat, oil, hide; 325-327.)
x		1949	Jervis, J. (DD; Queensland; oil; 340.)
x		1949	Loveless, J.R. (DD; Queensland; oil; 8.)
x		1951	Aragon, F. (DD; Philippines; atlas, meat; 267-268.)
x		1953	White, T.E. (Trichechus; estimated to yield 70% usable meat; 398.)
x		1954	Lawrence, J.E. (TML; bones, meat, lard, oil, hide; pop. acc.; 403-404.)
x		1955	MacMillan, L. (DD; hide, bones, oil, 18; meat, 18-19.)
		1957	Divin, V.A. (HG; Bering Is.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; Red Sea; oil; 12.)
x		1957	Meggers & Evans (TI; hunting & trading in 17th century; m570.)
x		1958	Savory, B. (DD; East Africa; oil, meat; 257.)
		1959	Cilento & Lack (DD; Queensland; oil industry)
x		1960	Crusz, H. (DD; Sri Lanka; oil, meat, bones; 301-302.)
x		1960	Vúletin, A. (TMM; South America; meat; hide for thongs & thole-pins of boats; 124.)
x		1962	Sarkar & Mitra (DD; hide; m94.)
x		1963	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; meat, weed control; 91-93.)
		1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (gen. acc.)
x		1963	Lal Mohan, R.S. (DD; India; oil; m152.)
x	*	1963	Pfeffer, P. (DD; Indonesia; meat, tears, tusks; 150-151.)
		1964	Weiss, K.
x		1965	Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; meat; hide for whips; 410.)
x		1966c	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Australia; oil, meat; 222.)
x	*	1966	Thomas, D. (DD; India; meat, oil, 80-81; bones, 80.)
x		1967	Carvalho, J.C. de M. (TI; Brazil; statistics; 26-27, 31, 33.)
x		1967	Fiuza Lima, F. (TI; Brazil; proposed captive breeding; 17-18.)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (DD; India; meat; 216-218.)
x		1967	Pirie, N.W. (sirs. as food source; 31.)
x	*	1967	Welsby, T. (DD; Moreton Bay, Queensland; oil, meat, hide, tusks; 1: 102-103, 106-107, 110, 2: 241-257.)
		1967	Wing, E.S.
x	*	1968a	Bertram & Bertram (sirs. as food source, 385-386, 388-390, 393; other uses, 386, 388-389.)
x	*	1968	Betz, J.J. (TML; Florida; manatee-farming scheme, ca. 1893; 204-209.)
x	*	1968	Lack, C. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 4-6.)
x		1969	Bibby, G. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 224, 303-304, 306.)
x		1969	Gibson, J.R. (HG; Bering Is.; 29-31, 48, 51-52, 54.)
x		1970b	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Sri Lanka; 363.)
x		1970	Yin, T. (DD; Burma; meat, fat; 327.)
		1971	Ohama, N. (DD; Japan; hunted for tax payments)
x		1971	Almeida, A. de (DD; Timor; meat, hide, oil, teeth, tears; 212.)
x		1971a	Barada, B. (TML; Florida; meat sold in restaurants as "imported from Africa"; 21.)
x		1971	Hall, E.S., Jr. (HG; Alaska; bone ?used as backing for cutting skins; 34.)
x		1971	Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; hide, meat, oil; 397.)
		1971	Lange, F.W.
x		1971	Lima, D.C. (TI; Itacoatiara, Brazil; meat exported, 1968; 7.)
x		1972	Walker, K. (DD; Queensland; meat; 71, 73-74.)
		1973	Bertram & Bertram (sirs.; meat, oil, hide, etc., 321-325, 333; "3 kinds of meat", 321.)
		1973	Nietschmann, B. (TMM; Nicaragua)
		1974	Jhingran & Gopalakrishnan
x		1974	Mondolfi, E. (TMM; Venezuela; meat, fat, bones, hide; live animals for zoos & weed control; 13-14.)
x		1974	Sikes, S. (TS; Nigeria; ranching for meat; 469-470.)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; "semicaptives" used for food; meat, tusks, tears; 35.)
x		1976	Loveland, F.O. (TMM; Nicaragua; meat, fat, hide, blood; 70, 75, 81.)
x		1976	Whitaker, Z. (DD; India; meat; 6.)
x		1977a	Anon. (DD; South India; meat sold; 439.)
x		1977	Bertram, G.C.L. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 4.)
x		1977c	Domning, D.P. (TI; Brazil; sold as pets; 3.)
x		1977	Harris & Bertram (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 5-6.)
x		1977	Heinsohn et al. (DD; potential for meat production; 246.)
x		1977	Meggers, B.J. (TI; Brazil; raising for meat proposed; 49.)
x		1978	Campbell & Gicca (TMM; Mexico; meat seldom sold; 263.)
x		1978a	Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; yields 20-26% of body weight as usable meat + 4-5 gallons of oil; 30.)
		1979	Byczkowska-Smyk, W.
x		1979	Hoch, E. (DD; United Arab Emirates, 3rd millennium B.C.; tusks not used, 600-601; 604.)
x		1979	Klein, E.H. (TMM; Honduras; meat; 23-24.)
x		1979	Pedley, I. (DD; Tin Can Bay, Queensland; oil industry; 231.)
x		1980	Ayres & Best (TI; Brazil; meat prices, hides; 83-85, 90-92.)
x		1980	Cumbaa, S.L. (TML; Florida; aboriginal use; 6, 8-9.)
		1980	Wing & Scudder
x		1981	Chase, A. (DD; Australia; Aboriginal use & beliefs; 112-122.)
x		1981a	Domning, D.P. (TI, TMM; Brazil; meat, fat, hide, bones; 94.)
x		1981	Hendrokusumo et al. (DD; Indonesia; meat; 10, 12, 15.)
x		1981b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; meat; 123-126.)
x		1981	Johannes, R.E. (DD; Palau; hunting & sale; 25, 68, 73.)
x		1981	Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; 54-63.)
x		1981a	Smith, N.J.H. (TI; Brazil; history of exploitation; 184-186.)
x		1981b	Smith, N.J.H. (TI; Itacoatiara, Brazil; meat US$.40/kg; 95-96.)
x		1982	Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; meat; 518.)
x	*	1982a	Domning, D.P. (TI, TMM; Brazil; meat, fat, hide; history of commercial exploitation, ca. 1785-1973; 101-126.)
		1982	O'Donnell, D.J. (TMM; Central America)
		1982	Wing & Reitz
x		1983	Bradley et al. (TMM; hypothetical use by Olmecs; 1-82.)
x		1983	Tisdell, C.A. (DD; Papua New Guinea; hunting & conservation; 14-15.)
x		1984b	Anon. (DD; Abu Dhabi; leather used for sandals; 362.)
x	*	1984b	Minnegal, M. (DD; Queensland; butchering techniques; archeological site; 15-20.)
x		1984	Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; meat; 645-648.)
x	*	1985	McKillop, H.I. (TMM; prehistoric Maya area, Central America; meat, fat, bone; 337-353.)
x		1985	Rathbun, Woods & Ottenwalder (TMM; Haiti; meat; "3 kinds of meat"; 234-236.)
x		1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; meat, also used for shark bait; fat, hide, bone; 985, 1009-1011.)
x		1986	Timm et al. (TI; Ecuador; meat; 155.)
x		1987	Finger, J. (DD; Queensland; history of oil industry; 3-5.)
		1988	Shearer, W. (DD; in capt.; raising for meat proposed)
x		1988e	Marsh, H. (DD; Queensland; meat; 498.)
x		1988	Ho, H.C. (DD; Malaysia, Singapore; meat, oil, tears, hide, tusks; 22, 24.)
x		1988	O'Shea et al. (TMM; Venezuela; meat, oil, hide, bone; "3 kinds of meat"; 291-296.)
x		1988	Reeves et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; meat, bone; 80-82.)
x		1989	Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; meat, 80, 82, 85-86, 89; dolphin meat used as substitute, 61, 64, 86, 89.)
x	*	1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; meat, 47-52, 66, 96-100, 114-115; oil, hide, 51, 97, 99, 114; tusks, 51; marrow, 114.)
x		1991b	Brown, J.N.B. (DD; Abu Dhabi; meat; 33.)
x		1991	Fitzpatrick, J. (DD; Torres Strait; sharing of meat; m20.)
x		1991	Frazier & Mundkur (DD; India; oil; 371.)
x		1991	O'Shea & Salisbury (TMM; Belize; meat, bones, tourism; 160-161.)
		1992	Correa-Viana & O'Shea (TMM; Venezuela)
		1993	Faure et al.
		1993	Livingston & Livingston (DD, HG, Trichechus; pop. acc.; 84-85.)
x		1993	Staub, F. (DD; Mauritius, 17th-18th centuries; meat, fat; 49.)
x		1995	Marsh et al. (DD; Palau; meat, bones; 87.)
x		1995	Reynolds et al. (TMM; Costa Rica; meat of various flavors, oil, tourism; m194.)
x		1995	Schuhmann, H.-J. (TS; Guinea-Bissau; meat; 407-409.)
x		1996	Reeves et al. (TI; Peru; meat, fat, oil, live animals, tourism; 247-248, 250-253.)
x		1996	Tan, B. (DD; China; meat, fat, oil, skin; 86.)
x		1998	Liu, Z. (DD; China; meat, teeth; m209.)
		1999	Gibson, J.R. (HG)
x		1999	Whiting, S.D. (DD; Sahul Banks, Australia; shark bait; 613.)
x		2000	Mayor, A. ("Halitherium"; France; ribs used for Paleolithic tools; 166.)
		2001	Jackson et al. (DD, HG; overfishing)
		2002	Creswell, J. (Barbados)
		2002	Jousse & Chenal-Velarde (TS; Mali; Neolithic site)
		2002	Jousse et al. (DD; Akab Island, United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
		2003	Rouja et al. (DD; Australia; indigenous hunting & use of fat)
x		2004	Carvajal, J. (ed.) (TMM, Puerto Rico; recipe; 100-101.)
		2006	Rajamani et al. (DD; Sabah, Malaysia; indigenous use and trade)
	*	2008	Daley et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; history of commercial fishery)
		2009	Calvimontes, J. (TI; Brazil)
		2010	Jamieson, M. (Nicaragua; economy and myth)
		2012	Muir & Kiszka (DD; East Africa; meat, oil, bones, fat)
		2013	Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil)
		2014	Jones, R.T. (HG; extermination)
	*	2016	Antunes et al. (TI; Brazil; meat & hides, 1904-1969)
		2016	Cosentino & Fisher (TI, TM, TS; as bushmeat)
		2017	Crerar et al. (HG; bone used for carvings)
		2017	Moore et al. (DD; Indonesia; meat, tusks, tears)
		2019	El Bizri et al. (TI; central Amazonia; meat consumption & trade)
		2021	Forth, G. (DD; Flores Island, East Indies)
	*	2022	Izidoro & Schiavetti (Brazil; manatee watching, tourism, public education)
x	*	n.d.	Bible, The (?DD; Hebrews; Red Sea; hide.)
x	v	n.d.	Berovides, V. (Trichechus; pop. acc.; 13.)

Ecuador ( 5 )
		1854	Osculati, C. (TI)
x	*	1986	Timm et al. (TI; ecology, distr., & status; 150-156.)
x		1989	Timm et al. (TI; Siona Indian hunting techniques; 1-7.)
		2010	Denkinger, J. (TI; Cuyabeno Reserve; status)
		2021	Ruano et al. (TI; population estimates)

Egypt ( 36 )
(SEE ALSO: Red Sea)
		1867	Fraas, O.
x		1875a	Owen, R. (Eotherium aegyptiacum, n.gen.n.sp.; Eoc.; 100-105.)
x		1878	Filhol, H. (Manatus Coulombi, n.sp.; Eoc.; 124-125.)
		1899	Studer, T. (Wadi Natrun)
		1901	Andrews, C.W.
		1902	Andrews, C.W.
x		1902b	Osborn, H.F. (Eosiren; Eoc.; 715.)
		1903	Blanckenhorn, M.
		1904	Fraas, E. (Mokattam Hills)
		1905	Beadnell, H.J.L. (Fayum)
	*	1906	Andrews, C.W.
		1907b	Abel, O.
		1907	Andrews, C.W.
		1908	Priem, F. (Protosiren fraasi; Eoc.)
x		1910	Woodward, A.S. (m470.)
		1911	Schlosser, M.
		1913a	Abel, O. (Eotherium aegyptiacum; Eoc.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1948	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. ("sirs.", Olig., Libyan Desert, m15; Eosiren, Eoc., 16.)
		1959	Reinhart, R.H. (Eotheroides sp. indet.; Late Eoc.)
		1962	Said, R.
		1963	Said, R.
		1965	Said, R.
x		1967	Siegfried, P. (Eotheroides libyca; Eoc., Fayum; 165-166.)
		1974	El-Khashab, B.
		1974	James & Slaughter (Plioc., Wadi el-Natrun)
		1974	Moustafa, Y.S. (Eotheroides libyca; Eoc., Fayum)
		1974	Vondra, C.F. (Qasr el-Sagha Formation)
x		1976	Paz & Ilani (DD; 3 specimens captured & displayed; 74.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (Protosiren n.sp.; Late Eoc.; 55-56, 59.)
x		1986	Fleagle et al. (unidentified sir.; Olig., Jebel Qatrani Formation; 8-9.)
x	*	1992	Gingerich, P.D. (stratigraphy, age, & paleoenvironments of sirs.; Eoc., Mokattam Hills & Fayum, 1, 7, 11, 20-21, 23-24, 33, 35, 40-41, 43-44, 49, 63, 71, 74-77, 79; Olig., Fayum, 67, 77.)
x		2009	Peters et al. (dugongids; Late Eoc., Wadi Al-Hitan; taphonomy & preservation; 294, 296-7, 299-301.)
	*	2010	Van Vliet & Abu el Khair (Middle or Late Eoc.; Qattara Depression, Egypt)
	*	2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum; Eotheroides clavigerum, n.sp.; Eotheroides sandersi, n.sp.; Eosiren libyca; Eosiren stromeri; Protosiren smithae)
x		2015	Cole, B. (DD; Red Sea; gen. acc.; 2-4.)

Embryology and Ontogeny ( 67 )
(SEE ALSO: Age Determination; Growth Rates; Teratology)
x			1809a	Cuvier, G. (Trichechus; nails, hair, 284; atlas, m308.)
			1822	Albers, C.F.
x			1851	Barkow, H.C.L. (DD; nerves & muscles; 119-122.)
x			1857	Shaw, N. (TM; fetus; nails; m99.)
x			1869	Marcoy, P. (TI; fetus; 2: 152-153.)
x			1875	Marcoy, P. (TI; fetus; 2: 190.)
x			1875	Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 105-106, 108-109, 112-114.)
x			1885	Ryder, J.A. (flukes & hind limbs; 515-519.)
x			1887b	Baur, G. (supernumerary phalanges; 840.)
x			1889a	Leboucq, H. (DD; nail; 190-192.)
			1891a	Kükenthal, W.
			1894	Turner, W.
x			1896	Kükenthal, W. (TM; embryonic dentition; 513-526.)
x			1904	Freund, L. (DD; manus; 364-394.)
x			1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; nostrils, 54; eyes, 62-63.)
x		*	1906c	Dexler & Freund (DD; color, 568; hair, 570-571; snout, 577-578; ear, mammae, 579.)
x			1907	Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 663.)
x			1908b	Freund, L. (DD; bones & cartilages of nasal region; 254-256.)
x			1908	Wilder, B.G. (TI; fetus; 825.)
		*	1909	Dilg, C. (TI; skull)
x			1910	Lull, R.S. (flukes & hind limbs; 152-153.)
x			1912a	Matthes, E. (Trichechus; ears; 598.)
			1912	Turner, W.
x		*	1914a	Freund, L. (DD; skeleton; 353-386, pl. 16.)
			1915	Matthes, E.
x			1923	Kostanecki, K. (TI; cecum & umbilical arteries; 273-276.)
x			1924b	Petit, G. (kidney; 245-246.)
x			1924c	Petit, G. (kidney; 2197-2200.)
x			1928	Prater, S.H. (DD; lips; 90.)
x		*	1931	Sickenberg, O. (retardation of ossification & suture closure, etc.; 412-417, 428-431.)
			1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
			1934	Genschow, J. (olfactory organs)
x		*	1935b	Wislocki, G.B. (TM; fetus & placentation; 159-178, pls. 1-7.)
			1937	De Beer, G.R. (skull)
x			1940	Pocock, R.I. (DD; fusion of cranial sutures, 331, 341; tusks, 331-339; cheek teeth, 339-340.)
x			1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2-8, 14-15.)
x			1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2-6, 10-13, pl. 1.)
			1945	Matthes, E.
x		*	1955	Dekeyser, P.L. (Trichechus; teeth; 921-922.)
x			1959	Jones, S. (DD; fetus; 201.)
			1966	Kaiser & Bartone
x			1969	Robineau, D. (ear region; m26.)
x		*	1973	Mitchell, J. (DD; Australia; age determination; 1-23.)
x			1974	James, P.S.B.R. (DD; India; skeleton; 174-182.)
x			1974	Spain & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; cranial allometry; 249-257.)
x			1975	Spain & Heinsohn (DD; Queensland; size & weight allometry; 159-167.)
x			1976	Spain et al. (DD; Queensland; cranial allometry; 495-496.)
			1978	Arvy, L.
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (Dusisiren jordani; 68.)
x			1978	Mitchell, J. (DD; dentition & age determination; 317-348.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; ontogenetic skeletal variation; 97-99, 106.)
x			1986	Watson & Bonde (TML; congenital flipper malformations; 294-301.)
x			1987	Mossman, H.W. (sir. fetal membranes; 267-270.)
x			1990	O'Shea & Reep (TML; brain & body size, fusion of cranial sutures; 534-543.)
x			1991a	Domning, D.P. (DD; pelvic bones; ontogenetic variation; 311-316.)
			1995	Domning, D.P. (DD; evolution; dental morphology & possible neoteny)
x			2000	Fagone et al. (TML; pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 177-181.)
x			2000	Rommel & Reynolds (TML; diaphragm & transverse septum; 45, 48-49.)
			2006	Shapiro et al. (Trichechus; pelvic reduction; genetic origins)
			2007	Buchholtz et al. (TML; vertebral column)
			2009	Schwarz & Runge (TM; age estimation; body length; Bayesian analysis)
			2009	Silva et al. (TMM; hematology; age variations)
x			2010	Hautier et al. (Trichechus; 7th vertebra predicted to be developmentally cervical; 18906.)
			2011	Varela-L. et al. (cervical vertebrae, homeotic mutations)
		*	2012	Hoson et al. (Trichechus; fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
			2012	Buchholtz et al. (differentiation of cervical vertebrae & muscularization of diaphragm)
	D		2016	Santos et al. (Desmostylus; Middle Mioc., California; ontogeny & senescence)

Endocrinology ( 28 )
x		1820	Diard & Duvaucel (DD; thymus; 159.)
x		1820	Raffles, T.S. (DD; thymus; 178.)
x		1838a	Owen, R. (DD; location of thyroid gland; 38.)
x		1857	Rapp, W.v. (TM; thymus; 93.)
		1872a	Murie, J.
x		1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; thyroid gland; 193.)
x		1923	Nopcsa, F.v. (iodine & thyroid gland; 358.)
x	*	1931	Sickenberg, O. (effects of thyroid & hypophysis on ossification & growth; 417-442.)
	*	1938	Oldham et al. (TI; hypophysis; 27-32.)
		1940	Wislocki, G.B.
x	*	1942b	Fawcett, D.W. (TML; thyroid gland & pachyostosis; 285-287, 304-307.)
	*	1945	Hill, W.C.O.
x		1951	Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; pituitary & adrenal glands; 57-62, pls. 1-2.)
x		1953	Quiring & Harlan (TM; thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, thymus; 201.)
		1965	Hanström, B. (Trichechus; hypophysis)
		1967	Cave & Aumonier (DD; thymus & thyroid gland)
	*	1969b	Harrison, R.J.
		1975	Ralph, C.L. (pineal gland)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD; adrenal & thyroid glands; "pineal absent"; 42, 46.)
x		1980	Arvy, L. (thyroid malfunction as supposed cause of high bone density in sirs.; 312.)
x		1981	Odell et al. (TML; adrenal & thyroid weights; 60, 63.)
x		1989	Buffrénil & Schoevaert (hypothyroidism & pachyostosis; 2107, 2117-2118.)
x		1992	Marmontel et al. (TM; corpora lutea; 301, 303.)
x		1998	Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation; 449-457.)
		2012	Burgess et al. (DD; diagnosing pregnancy; fecal progesterone metabolite concentrations)
		2013	Amaral et al. (TI; in capt.; endocrine monitoring of ovarian cycle)
		2014	Amaral, Rosas, Graham et al. (TI; luteinizing hormones & reproductive steroids in urine)
	*	2021b	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TMM; marine & riverine ecotypes)

England: England: SEE Britain ( 0 )

Environmental Contaminants: Environmental Contaminants: SEE Pollution, Effects of ( 0 )

Eocene ( 125 )
x		1849	Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; ?Eoc., ?South Carolina; 193.)
x		1850	Gibbes, R.W. (Manatus; South Carolina; 67-68.)
x		1855	Owen, R. (Prorastomus sirenoides, n.gen.n.sp.; Jamaica; 541.)
		1858	Emmons, E. (North Carolina)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (Eotherium aegyptiacum, n.gen.n.sp.; Egypt; 100-105.)
x		1878	Filhol, H. (Manatus Coulombi, n.sp.; Egypt; 124-125.)
		1884	Flower & Garson (Georgia)
x		1887	Flot, L. ("Halitherium n. sp."; ?Eoc., France; 138.)
x		1902b	Osborn, H.F. (Eosiren; Egypt; 715.)
x		1906	Almera, D.J. (Halitherium; Spain; 379.)
		1911	Koch, A. (Hungary)
x		1932	Müllerried, F.K.G. (indeterminate sir.; "Olig.", Mexico; 71-73.)
		1938	Lapparent, A.F. de ("Halitherium"; Eoc., Taulanne)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (Sirenavus hungaricus, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 146-147, 156.)
		1944	Mottl, M. (Hungary)
		1944	Tulogdy, J.
		1946	Richard, M. ("Eotherium sp."; Late Eoc., France)
x		1951	Vernon, R.O. (indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Levy Co., Florida; m110.)
x		1952a	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (indeterminate sir.; Java; 610.)
x		1952	Macfadyen, W.A. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eoc., Somalia; 348.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (indeterminate sir.; Early Eoc., Hungary; 273-277.)
x		1953	Maldonado-Koerdell, M. (indeterminate sir.; "Olig.", Mexico; 146-148.)
x		1956	Bataller, J.R. (Halitherium; Spain; 25.)
		1956	Marcet-Riba, J. (Spain)
		1959	Farrés & Ramirez (Spain)
		1959	Reinhart, R.H. (Eotheroides sp. indet.; Egypt)
		1961	Farrés, F. (Spain)
		1962	Farrés, F. (Spain)
		1963	Said, R. (Egypt)
x		1964	Siler, W.L. (indeterminate sir.; Middle Eoc., Alabama; 1108.)
x		1965	Arata & Jackson (indeterminate sirs.; Alabama; 175-176.)
		1965	Balogh & Rónai (Hungary)
x		1965	Savage, R.J.G. (Middle Eoc., Libya; 91.)
x		1966	Piccoli, G. (Prototherium cf. veronense; Priabonian stratotype, Italy; 349-350.)
		1967	Grigorescu, D. (Romania)
		1967	Reguant, S. (Spain)
x		1967	Siegfried, P. (Eotheroides libyca; Egypt; 166.)
		1968a	Simons, E.L.
		1969	Bartolomei, G.
x		1969	Freudenthal, M. (indeterminate sirs.; France; 64-65.)
x		1969	Voorhies, M.R. ("sir." [actually entelodont] tooth; Late Eoc., Georgia; 93-94.)
x		1970	Fuchs, H. ("?Halitherium sp."; Romania; 1185.)
x		1970	Pickering, S.M., Jr. ("Eosiren sp.?"; Georgia; m20.)
x		1971	Savage, R.J.G. (Middle Eoc., Libya; 219-220.)
x		1973	Fuchs, H. (indeterminate sir.; Romania; 71.)
		1974	Moustafa, Y.S. (Eotheroides libyca; Egypt)
x		1974	Sanders, A.E. (South Carolina; m8.)
		1974	Vondra, C.F. (Qasr el-Sagha Formation, Egypt)
		1976	Reinhart, R.H. (Florida; 262, 264-265.)
x		1977	Bizzarini et al. (Prototherium veronense; Late Eoc., Italy; 1-15.)
x		1977	Kordos, L. (Paralitherium tarkanyense, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Hungary; 349-367.)
x		1977	Savage & Tewari (indeterminate sir.; Somali, India; 218.)
x		1978	Kordos, L. (Protosiren cf. fraasi; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 288-289.)
		1979	Sahni, A.
x		1980	Kordos, L. (Eotheroides; Middle Eoc., Hungary; 385-397.)
x		1980	Sahni & Kumar (Ishatherium subathuensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Eoc., India; 132-135.)
x		1980	Sahni et al. ("sir."; Early Eoc., India; 270-271.)
x	*	1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (review of worldwide sir. record; 1-69.)
x		1982	Sereno, P.C. (Florentinoameghinia; Early Eoc., Argentina; 1-10.)
x		1983	Bizzotto, B. (Prototherium intermedium, n.sp.; Late Eoc., Italy; 95-99.)
		1984	Nicorici & Popovici
		1988	Fuchs, H. (Romania)
x		1990	Donovan et al. (Prorastomus sirenoides; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; new specimen; 660-662.)
x		1990	Ivany et al. (Protosiren; Middle Eoc., Florida; seagrass community; 244-258.)
		1990	Westgate, J.W. (Texas)
x		1991	Basu et al. (?Early Eoc., India; 9.)
x		1991	Kumar, K. (Ishatherium; India; Ypresian in age; 236.)
		1992	Galobart et al.
x	*	1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphy, age, & paleoenvironments of sirs.; 1, 7, 11, 20-21, 23-24, 33, 35, 40-41, 43-44, 49, 63, 71, 74-77, 79.)
x		1993	Thewissen, J.G.M. (indet. sir.; Kuldana Formation, Pakistan; 125-127.)
x		1994	Das & Basu ("Eotheroides waghapadarensis"; Middle Eoc., India; 5.)
x		1996	Miller & Donovan (Early Eoc., Jamaica; 38, 46.)
x		1997	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis; Pakistan; 57, 69, 71, 75.)
x		1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Prototherium; Spain; 114.)
x		1997	Portell, R.W. (Prorastomus & new prorastomids; Jamaica; pop. acc.; 5-7.)
		1998	Gingerich et al. (Middle Eoc., Pakistan)
		1998	Gómez, G.
		1998	As-Saruri et al. (Middle Eoc., Yemen)
x		1998	Goodwin et al. (?prorastomid; Middle Eoc., Israel; 813-815.)
		1998	Gómez, G. (Spain)
x		1999	As-Saruri et al. (indet. ?sir.; Middle Eoc., Yemen; 448.)
		1999	Astibia et al. (Spain)
x		1999	Whybrow & Clements (indet. ?sir.; Middle Eoc., Yemen; m462.)
x		2000	Cappetta et al. (indeterminate sir. ["Halitherium sp."]; Late Eoc., Jordan; 91.)
		2001	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis, Pakistan; 281, 318.)
		2001	Portell et al. (prorastomids; Jamaica)
x		2001c	Domning, D.P. (Pezosiren portelli, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; 625-627.)
		2001	Sagne, C. (Halitherium taulannense, n.sp.; Late Eoc., France; 471-476.)
x		2003	Zalmout et al. (Protosiren eothene, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Pakistan; 79-87.)
		2005	Astibia et al. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eocene, Navarre, Spain; taphonomy)
		2005	Bizzotto, B. (Prototherium spp.; Italy)
x		2006	Averianov & Yarkov (enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia)
		2006	Clementz et al. (Eoc. sirs.; stable isotopes)
	*	2006	Bajpai et al. (Kutch)
		2006	Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; Middle Eoc., Spain)
		2007	Donovan et al. (Pezosiren portelli; Jamaica)
		2007	Floquet et al. (Halitherium taulannense; Late Eoc.; Taulanne, France; taphonomy)
		2008	Buffrénil et al. (Prototherium monserratense & undetermined dugongids; Middle Eoc., Spain; pachyosteosclerosis)
	*	2009	Bajpai et al. (Ashokia antiqua, n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc.; Kutch, India)
	*	2009	Samonds et al. (Eotheroides lambondrano, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Madagascar)
x		2009	Peters et al. (dugongids; Late Eoc., Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt; taphonomy & preservation; 294, 296-7, 299-301.)
		2010	Astibia et al. (indeterminate dugongids; early Middle Eoc., Spain)
		2010	Van Vliet & Abu el Khair (Middle or Late Eoc.; Qattara Depression, Egypt)
		2010	Balaguer, J. (middle Eoc.; Tona, Spain)
		2010	Anderson et al. (indeterminate sir.; Late Eoc., Georgia)
		2010	Beatty & Geisler (Protosiren sp.; late Middle Eoc., South Carolina)
		2011	Gramling, C. (Eoc. sea temperatures reflected in sir. teeth)
	*	2011	Clementz & Sewall (Eocene sirs.; stable isotopes; global climate)
		2011	Boschele et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Late Eoc., Italy)
	*	2012	Hautier et al. (Prorastomidae indet.; Middle Eoc., Senegal)
	*	2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt; Eotheroides clavigerum, n.sp.; Eotheroides sandersi, n.sp.; Eosiren libyca; Eosiren stromeri; Protosiren smithae)
	*	2013	Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; early or middle Eoc., Tunisia; ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides)
		2013a	Diedrich, C.G. (Protosiren cf. fraasi; Middle Eoc., Germany)
		2014	Zouhri et al. (Eosiren sp.; Late Eoc., Morocco)
		2014	Gingerich & Cappetta (Protosirenidae, Dugongidae; lower Middle Eoc., Togo)
		2016	Fuentes-Buxó & Fuentes-Buxó (Girona, Spain; Middle Eoc.)
	*	2016	Balaguer & Alba (Prototherium ausetanum, n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Spain)
		2016	Gagnaison et al. (?dugongid; early Middle Eocene, Spain)
	*	2017	Domning et al. (Libysiren sickenbergi, n.gen. n.sp.; middle Eoc., Libya)
x		2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; 92.)
	*	2018	Diaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli, n.gen. n.sp.; Spain)
		2019	Voss et al. (Girona, Spain; Middle Eoc.)
		2020	Díaz-Berenguer et al. (Sobrarbesiren cardieli; Spain; hind limbs)
		2020	Zalmout et al. (Eotheroides; Late Eoc., Jordan)
		2021	Averianov & Zvonok (indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea)

Eosiren abeli Sickenberg, 1934 ( 3 )
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Protosiren fraasi; 71, 75-76.)
x		2004	Uhen, M.D. (comp. w/ Dorudon; ribs & buoyancy; 158-159.)

Eosiren Andrews, 1902 ( 26 )
x		*	1902	Andrews, C.W. (n.gen.; Late Eoc., Egypt; 293-295.)
x			1902b	Osborn, H.F. (phyletic significance; 715.)
x			1906	Abel, O. (dentition; 51-52.)
x	D		1915	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-385, 391.)
x			1916	Lucas, F.A. (m318.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (m27; tooth formula, 28.)
x			1924	Andrews, C.W. (dentition; m306.)
x			1927	Hopwood, A.T. (m18.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 423, 471-473, 480-481, 491, 495, 499.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 152, 154, pl. 6.)
x			1941	Pycraft, W.P. (m328.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (m12.)
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; 135.)
x			1948	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Egypt; 16.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (syn. of Eotheroides; 209.)
x			1954b	Friant, M. (brain; 134.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L.
x			1970	Pickering, S.M., Jr. ("Eosiren sp.?"; Eoc., Georgia; m20.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Eotheroides, 378-379; pelvis, 392.)
x			1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (brain fissures; m265.)
x			1986	Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.)
x			1996	Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354-355.)
x			2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; m84.)
			2014	Zouhri et al. (Late Eoc., Morocco)
x			2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m88, 92.)

Eosiren fraasi (Abel, 1907) Schlosser in von Zittel and Schlosser, 1923 ( 2 )
	*	1923	Zittel & Schlosser (n.comb.)
x		1938	Zdansky, O. (nomenclature; comp. w/ Eotherium majus; 432.)

Eosiren imenti Domning, Gingerich, Simons, and Ankel-Simons, 1994 ( 3 )
	*	1994	Domning et al. (n.sp.; Early Olig., Egypt; 89-108.)
x		1997	Bajpai & Domning (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; 224-226.)
x		1997b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; m409.)

Eosiren libyca Andrews, 1902 ( 17 )
x	*	1902	Andrews, C.W. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Egypt; 293-295.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 473.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
		1936	Osborn, H.F.
x		1938	Zdansky, O. (comp. w/ Eotherium majus; 429, 432-433.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (m152.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m209.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x		1967	Siegfried, P. (syn. of Eotheroides; hind limb; 165.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. ("E. libycum"; m387, m395.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360-361.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 20-21, 23, 33, 41, 75-76.)
x		1992	Thewissen & Domning (m495.)
x		1997	Bajpai & Domning (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; 224-226.)
x		1997b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ dugongines in cladistic analysis; m409.)
		2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt)
		2013	Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology)

Eosiren stromeri (Sickenberg, 1934) Kordos, 1977 ( 3 )
x	*	1977	Kordos, L. (n.comb.; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360-361.)
		2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt)

Eotherium abeli Sickenberg, 1934 ( 5 )
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. ("E[otherium]. (Eosiren) abeli", nomen nudum; pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.)
x		1938	Zdansky, O. (m429, m432.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 21.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. ("Eotherium (Eosiren) abeli"; Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Protosiren fraasi; 71, 75-76.)

Eotherium aegyptiacum Owen, 1875 ( 20 )
x	*	1875a	Owen, R. (n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; cranial endocast; 100-105, pl. 3.)
x		1878	Filhol, H. (comp. w/ Manatus Coulombi; 124-125.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker ("E. egyptiacum"; morphology; 224.)
x		1902	Andrews, C.W. (comp. w/ Eosiren libyca; 293.)
x		1906	Abel, O. (dentition; 50.)
	*	1913a	Abel, O. (skull)
x		1924	Hay, O.P. ("E. aegypticum"; tooth formula; m3.)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 411, 414.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m473.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1938	Zdansky, O. (comp. w/ E. majus; 429-434.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (m152.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (history of study, 104; m108.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 21.)
x		1969	Robineau, D. (ear region; m30.)
x		1976	Kordos, L. (m282.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; m575.)
x		1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (foramen ovale; m273.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 1, 71, 74-76.)

Eotherium libycum (Andrews, 1902) Sickenberg, 1934 ( 5 )
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 408-409, 411, 414; tooth replacement, 429.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 17, 19, 21.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (nomenclature; 209.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 12.)

Eotherium majus Zdansky, 1938 ( 4 )
x	*	1938	Zdansky, O. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; 430-434.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (considered probably invalid; 575-576.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 58.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; 71, 75-76.)

Eotherium markgrafi Abel, 1913 ( 3 )
	*	1913a	Abel, O. (nomen nudum; comp. w/ E. aegyptiacum)
		1934b	Sickenberg, O. (said to be not based on any known specimen; 41.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (considered nomen nudum; 576.)

Eotherium Owen, 1875 (non Leidy, 1853) ( 25 )
			1874	Murie, J.
x		*	1875a	Owen, R. (n.gen.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; 100-105.)
x			1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m376-378.)
x		*	1899	Palmer, T.S. (replacement name Eotheroides proposed; 494.)
x	D		1915	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-386, 388, 392.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (m27.)
x			1924	Andrews, C.W. (dentition; m306.)
x			1926	Sanielevici, H. (m256.)
x			1927	Hopwood, A.T. (m18.)
x			1928	Prater, S.H. (m98.)
x			1930a	Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 46.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; m423, 471.)
		*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x			1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition comp. w/ Dugong; 6.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (m152.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, J. (m12.)
x			1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 20.)
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides; 135.)
			1946	Richard, M. (Late Eoc., France)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (syn. of Eotheroides; 209.)
x			1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x			1954b	Friant, M. (brain; 134.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Eotheroides, 378-379; pelvis, 391-392.)
x			1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. ("Halitherium (Eotherium)" [= Prototherium]; Eoc., Spain; 114.)

Eotherium stromeri Sickenberg, 1934 ( 6 )
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (nomen nudum; pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O. (n.sp.)
x	*	1938	Zdansky, O. (m429, m432.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (comp. w/ "Metaxytherium n. sp."; 108.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 17, 21.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 58.)

Eotheroides abeli (Sickenberg, 1934) Kordos, 1977 ( 4 )
x	*	1977	Kordos, L. (n.comb.; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (m575.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387, 389, 397.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38, 43, 57-58.)

Eotheroides aegyptiacum (Owen, 1875) Trouessart, 1905 ( 18 )
	*	1904-05	Trouessart, E.-L. (n.comb.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (humerus; m233-234.)
x		1925	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium jordani; 65.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 473-474.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m207, 210.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x		1969	Robineau, D. (ear region; m30.)
x	*	1977	Kordos, L. ("E. aegyptiacus"; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 575.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387, 389, 397.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (possibly ancestral to trichechids; 600.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 19, 36-38, 47, 52, 57, 59.)
		1985	Kozawa, Y. ("Eosiren aegypticam")
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 1, 11, 74-77.)
x		1992	Thewissen & Domning (character states; 495, 503.)
		2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Eoc., Egypt)
		2013	O'Leary et al. (In phylogenetic context of other placental orders; 664.)

Eotheroides babiae Bajpai, Thewissen, Kapur, Tiwari, and Sahni, 2006 ( 2 )
	*	2006	Bajpai et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Kutch, India)
x		2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.)

Eotheroides clavigerum Zalmout and Gingerich, 2012 ( 1 )
		*	2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (n.sp.; Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt)

Eotheroides coulombi (Filhol, 1878) Trouessart, 1905 ( 1 )
		*	1904-05	Trouessart, E.-L. (n.comb.)

Eotheroides lambondrano Samonds, Zalmout, Irwin, Krause, Rogers, and Raharivony, 2009 ( 1 )
		*	2009	Samonds et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Madagascar)

Eotheroides libycum (Andrews, 1902) Reinhart, 1951 ( 11 )
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. ("E. libyca", n.comb.; m209.)
x	*	1967	Siegfried, P. (femur; 165-172, pl. 17.)
x		1973	Fuchs, H. (comp. w/ Romanian sir.; 72-73, 75, 77.)
x	*	1977	Kordos, L. ("E. libycus"; comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. ("E. libyca"; m576.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387-389, 396-397.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 30, 38, 41, 57-59.)
x		1983	Bizzotto, B. (comp. w/ Prototherium; 102, 106-109.)
x		1986	Domning et al. (m37-39.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (comp. w/ Halitherium & Metaxytherium; 223-224.)
x		2006	Averianov & Yarkov (comp. w/ enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia)

Eotheroides Palmer, 1899 ( 31 )
x	*	1899	Palmer, T.S. (name proposed as replacement for Eotherium; 494.)
x		1930a	Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 46.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 423, 462-463, 471-473, 480, 484, 491-492, 495, 499.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Sirenavus, 149; in classification, 152, 154, pl. 6; name Masrisiren proposed for one specimen, 152.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (syn. of Eotherium; 104.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m208-209, 211; nomenclature, 209.)
		1959	Reinhart, R.H.
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m65.)
x		1968	Lemire, M. (m515.)
x		1969	Voorhies, M.R. (comp. w/ tooth from Georgia; m94.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (dental formula; m4.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 574-579.)
x		1979	Tassy, P. (comp. w/ Moeritherium; 87.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (Middle Eoc., Hungary; 385-397, pls. 1-2.)
x		1980	Sahni & Kumar (comp. w/ Ishatherium; 133-134.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 8, 37, 57-58, 62.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr.; 378-380.)
x		1982	Sereno, P.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 7-9.)
x	*	1983	Bizzotto, B. (syn. of Prototherium; 100, 105-111.)
		1983	Kordos, L.
x		1984	Rainey et al. (dugongid affinities questioned; 587.)
x		1985a	Kordos, L. (Hungary; m314.)
x		1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (skull foramina; 268-269, 272.)
x		1986	Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.)
x		1990	O'Shea & Reep (brain & body size; 536, 539.)
x		2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 82-83.)
x		2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m88, 92.)
		2020	Zalmout et al. (Late Eoc., Jordan)
		2021	Averianov & Zvonok (comp. w/ indet. sir.; Middle Eoc., Crimea)
		2021	Avilla & Mothé (in phylogenetic analysis of Afrotheria)

Eotheroides sandersi Zalmout and Gingerich, 2012 ( 1 )
		*	2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (n.sp.; Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt)

Eotheroides stromeri (Sickenberg, 1934) Domning, 1978 ( 2 )
x	*	1978c	Domning, D.P. (n.comb.; m576.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.)

Eotheroides waghapadarensis Das and Basu, 1994 ( 1 )
x		*	1994	Das & Basu (n.gen.n.sp.; nomen nudum; Middle Eoc., India; 5.)

Eotheroidinae Kretzoi, 1941 ( 1 )
x		*	1941	Kretzoi, M. ("Eotherioidinae", new subfamily; 154.)

Europe ( 18 )
(SEE ALSO: Austria; Belgium; Britain; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Malta; Mediterranean Sea; Netherlands; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Switzerland)
x		1784	Mayer, J. (fossil "Mannatus"; Czechoslovakia; 262-263.)
x		1834	Keferstein, C. (Manatus fossilis; France, Bohemia; m2: 217.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (summ. of sir. occurrences; 208-210.)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (various sirs.; 104-105.)
	*	1920	Depéret & Roman (review)
		1938	Suklje, F. (Yugoslavia)
x		1949	Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Czechoslovakia; 162-163.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Mioc., Czechoslovakia; 33-36, 109-113.)
		1976	Mchedlidze, G.A. (Black & Caspian Seas)
		1976	Rabeder & Steininger (Olig. & Mioc., Central Paratethys)
		1977	Radwanski, A. (Poland)
x		1985a	Domning, D.P. (utility of sirs. in stratigraphic correlation; 183.)
x		1991	Czyzewska & Radwanski (Thalattosiren; Middle Mioc., Poland; 184-185, 188.)
		1992	Wolsan, M. (Thalattosiren; Middle Mioc., Poland)
		2002	Sabol & Holec (Mioc., Slovakia)
x		2006?	Kriznar, Matija (Metaxytherium ?krahuletzi; Slovenia; 26.)
		2008	Gregorová & Zágoršek (indeterminate sir. rib; Middle Mioc., Czech Republic)
		2013	Prista et al. (Euro-North African sirs.; extinction)

Excretion and Defecation ( 32 )
(SEE ALSO: Salinity Tolerance; Urogenital System)
x		1857	Shaw, N. (TS; feces; m99.)
x		1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; in capt.; constipation; 460-461.)
x	*	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, 52, 57-58; Trichechus, 57-58.)
x		1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; in capt.; feces; 228.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt.; flatulence, feces, 127, 131-132; urination, 128; apparently bloody feces, 177.)
x		1959	Jones, S. (DD; in capt.; 199-200.)
x	*	1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; 4.)
x	*	1963	Hofmeister, M. (?TMM; in capt.; 12.)
x		1966	Kinzer, J. (TS; feces; 48.)
x		1966	Thomas, D. (DD; India; floating feces; 80.)
x		1967	Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt.; m221.)
x		1978	Anderson & Birtles (DD; feces; 10-11, 16-17.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 92-93; flatus, regurgitation, 93, 95.)
x		1980	Irvine et al. (TML; in capt.; urine values; 3, 6.)
x		1980	Kataoka & Asano (DD: in capt.; soft, floating feces; 270.)
x		1981	Best, R.C. (Trichechus; diarrhea of calves on powdered milk formula; 21.)
x		1981	Kataoka & Asano (DD: in capt.; soft, floating feces; 201.)
x		1981	Zeiller, W. (TML; in capt.; hard feces of calf cured with mineral oil; 106.)
x		1982	Best, Ribeiro et al. (TI; in capt.; flatulence & loose stools while on artificial formula with lactose; 265.)
x		1983	Best, R.C. (TI; production of feces while fasting; 61-62.)
x		1983	Gallivan et al. (TI; in capt.; 2-3-week passage rate of swallowed transmitters; 256.)
x		1984	Lomolino & Ewel (TML; in capt.; feces; 6-day passage rate; 176-177.)
x		1986	Gallivan & Best (TI; in capt.; 5-9-day passage rate; 554, 556.)
x	*	1995	Lanyon & Marsh (DD; in capt.; digesta passage rate, 119-127; defecation, 120.)
x		1996	Tikel et al. (DD; recovery of DNA from feces; 456-457.)
x		1998	Ortiz et al. (TML, TMM; osmoregulation, 449-457; urination frequency decreased when out of salt water, 452, 456.)
		2003	Williams et al. (TML; Florida; feces fed on by sharksuckers; 1180-1181.)
		2005	Lanyon, Smith & Carrick (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; reproductive steroids in feces)
		2005	Larkin et al. (TML; fecal testosterone concentrations)
		2008	Tsukinowa et al. (DD; in capt., Toba, Japan; fecal microbiota)
		2009	Muschett et al. (TM; Panama; fecal sampling for DNA analysis)
		2014	Navarro-M. et al. (TM; Cuba; diet & digestive tract)