M

Madagascar ( 22 )
		1658	Flacourt, E. de
		1902	Moriceau (DD; hunting)
		1915	Kaudern, W.
		1921	Gruvel, A.
x		1922	Dandouau, A. (?DD fat as remedy; 119.)
		1922	Gruvel, A.
x	*	1923a	Petit, G. (DD; 75-83.)
x	*	1924	Dandouau, A. (DD; hunting; 151-153.)
x	*	1924a	Petit, G. (DD; distr. & food; 125-127.)
		1925	Monod, T.
		1925c	Petit, G. (DD)
		1926	Petit, G. (DD)
x		1927	Collignon & Cottreau (Halitherium sp.; Mioc.; 138, 164-165, 169.)
		1927a	Petit, G. (DD)
x	*	1927b	Petit, G. (DD; hunting; 246-250.)
		1928	Grandidier & Grandidier
		1937	Petit, G. (DD)
		1949	Poisson, H.
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (significance of "Halitherium" occurrence; 576.)
	*	2009	Samonds et al. (Eotheroides lambondrano, n.sp.; Middle Eoc.)
		2012	Muir & Kiszka (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
	*	2019	Samonds et al. (Mioc.)

Malta ( 9 )
x		1866	Adams, A.L. (Halitherium; 595-596.)
x		1868	Falconer, H. (Halitherium; 304.)
		1870	Adams, A.L. (Halitherium)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (Halitherium; 104-105.)
x	*	1879	Adams, A.L. (Halitherium; 525-527, pl. 25.)
		1982	Zammit-Maempel, G. (indet. sir. fossils.)
		1982	Zammit-Maempel, G. (indet. sirs.; Early Olig.)
		2006	Gatt, M.
	*	2011	Bianucci et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Olig. & Mioc.)

Manatee: Manatee: SEE Trichechus and synonyms ( 0 )

Manatherium delheidi Hartlaub, 1886 ( 8 )
x	*	1886b	Hartlaub, C. (n.gen.n.sp.; Olig., Belgium; 369-378.)
x		1887	Flot, L. (review; 137.)
x		1889	Lefèvre, T. (syn. of Metaxytherium guettardi; 200.)
	*	1929a	Sickenberg, O.
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (m147, m156.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m107.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (m439, m441.)
x		1980	Tobien, H. (Mainz Basin, Germany; stratigraphic occurrence; 209.)

Manatherium Hartlaub, 1886 ( 7 )
x	*	1886b	Hartlaub, C. (n.gen.; Olig., Belgium; 369-378.)
	*	1929a	Sickenberg, O.
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 424, 474, 495, 499.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Sirenavus, 149; in classification, 152-154, pl. 6.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Halitherium; 135.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Halitherium; m576.)
		2014	Voss, M.

Manati balaenurus Boddaert, 1785 ( 4 )
	*	1785	Boddaert, P. (n.sp.)
x		1883	Stejneger, L. (syn. of Rytina gigas; m78, m86.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 92.)
x		1981c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 130-131.)

Manati clusii Pennant, 1793 ( 1 )
		*	1793	Pennant, T. (n.sp.)

Manati gigas Zimmermann, 1780 ( 11 )
x	*	1780	Zimmermann, E.A.W. (n.sp.; 426.)
x		1883	Stejneger, L. (priority of name; m78.)
x		1902	Allen, J.A. ("at present recognized in nomenclature"; 22.)
x		1923	Sowerby, A. de C. (syn. of Rhytina gigas; m136.)
x		1924	Thomas et al. (type species of Rhytina; m347.)
x		1950	Mohr, E. (quotes Zimmermann's description; 184.)
x		1951	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Rhytina gigas; m292.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 75, 92.)
x		1981c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 130-132.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Rhytina gigas; 383.)
x	*	1985	Melville, R.V. (species name placed on Official List of Specific Names; 175-176.)

Manati Steller, 1774 ( 8 )
x	*	1774	Steller, G.W. (n.gen. [used uninomially]; distr.; 97.)
x		1780	Zimmermann, E.A.W. (in classification; 425-426.)
		1801	Bechstein, G.
x		1902	Allen, J.A. (Manati Zimmermann "of even date with Manatus Storr"; 22.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus; 309.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis; 74.)
x	*	1981c	Domning, D.P. (suppression proposed; 130-132.)
x	*	1985	Melville, R.V. (name suppressed; 175-176.)

Manati trichechus Boddaert, 1785 ( 3 )
	*	1785	Boddaert, P. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (applied to both TM & TS; 535, 537.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus, in part; 310.)

Manatida Haeckel, 1866 ( 3 )
	*	1866	Haeckel, E. (n.fam.)
		1868a	Brandt, J.F.
x		1872a	Gill, T. (syn. of Trichechidae; 14.)

Manatidae Gray, 1821 ( 14 )
x	*	1821	Gray, J.E. (n.fam.; in classification; 309.)
x		1825	Gray, J.E. (in classification; 340, 344.)
x		1839	Bonaparte, C.L. (in classification; diagnosis; 4.)
x		1872b	Gill, T. (m301.)
x		1873	Gill, T. (phylogeny; 272.)
x		1884	Flower, W.H. (in classification; m184.)
x		1889b	Dollo, L. (m421.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (in classification; m215.)
x		1901	Elliott, D.G. (diagnosis; 5.)
x		1904	Case, E.C. (teeth; m57.)
x		1932c	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Trichechidae; 281.)
x		1942	Macarovici & Oescu (m376.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Trichechidae; 136.)
x		1974	Savage, J.M. (zoogeography; 15, 20, 26, 29.)

Manatides Billberg, 1827 ( 1 )
		*	1827	Billberg, G.J. (new taxon)

Manatina Bonaparte, 1837 ( 2 )
	*	1837	Bonaparte, C.L. (new subfamily)
x		1839	Bonaparte, C.L. (in classification; diagnosis; 4.)

Manatoidea Gill, 1872 ( 1 )
x		*	1872a	Gill, T. (new superfamily; in classification; 14.)

Manatus aequatorialis Lacépède, 1799 ( 3 )
	*	1799	Lacépède, B.G.E. de (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (considered nomen nudum; 535.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus; 310.)

Manatus africanus Oken, 1816 ( 3 )
	*	1816	Oken, L. (n.sp.)
x		1850	Wyman, J. (syn. of M. Senegalensis; m45.)
x		1865	Gray, J.E. (lapsus for M. senegalensis; 137.)

Manatus americanus (Link, 1795) Illiger, 1815 ( 86 )
	*	1815	Illiger, C. (n.comb.)
		1817b	Desmarest, A.G.
		1820	Ranzani, C.
		1822	Cuvier, F.
x		1824	Harlan, R. (comp. w/ other species; 390-394, pl. 13.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m277.)
x		1826	Wied-Neuwied, M. zu ([= TM] southern Brazil; 601-604.)
		1829-44	Guérin-Méneville, F.-E.
x		1831	Spix & Martius (Brazil; natural history & econ. use; 1122-1123.)
x		1833	Shepard, C.U. (?Pleist., Suwannee Spring, Florida; 164.)
x		1835b	Duvernoy, G.L. (in classification; tab. 4.)
x		1837	Richardson, J. (m162.)
x		1838a	Owen, R. (cecum, m32; gall bladder, m34; heart, m35; lungs, m36; kidneys, 39.)
x		1838	Wiegmann, A.F.A. (relationship to other species; 12, 14-17.)
x		1839	Diesing, C.M. (comp. w/ M. exunguis; 230.)
x		1848	Schomburgk, R. (syn. of M. australis; 786.)
x		1849	Warren, J.C. (presentation of skeleton & skin to Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; 199.)
x		1850	Cornalia, E. ([= TI] Manacapuru, Brazil; 303, 311.)
		1850	Jäger, G.v. (osteology)
x		1850	Wyman, J. (comp. w/ M. nasutus; 45-47.)
x		1851	Gosse, P.H. (Jamaica, 341-346, 348-349; Haiti, 346-347.)
	*	1852	Vrolik, W.T. (anatomy)
x		1853	Wallace, A.R. (possible identity with Amazonian manatee; 458.)
x		1857	Baikie, B. (syn. of M. australis; m29.)
x		1857	Holton, I.F. ([= TM] Colombia; 46.)
x		1857	Jäger, G.v. (Suriname; skull & skeleton; 91-98, pl. 6.)
x		1857b	Owen, R. (comp. w/ M. Vogelii; 99.)
x	*	1865	Gray, J.E. (comp. w/ M. senegalensis; 131, 134-138.)
x		1869	Leidy, J. ("Manatus americanus fossilis, Harlan"; m414.)
x		1871	Cunningham, R.C. ([= TI?] from Amazonia; in capt., Rio de Janeiro; 798.)
x	*	1872a	Murie, J. (anatomy, 127-189, pls. 17-26; in capt., 191-193.)
x		1874	Keller-Leuzinger, F. ([= TI] Amazonia; 81, 83.)
x		1875	Marcoy, P. (South America; 2: 42, 45, 187-194, 235-237.)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (brain, comp. w/ Eotherium; 100-105, pl. 3.)
x		1875b	Owen, R. (comp. w/ Prorastomus; 559-561, 563-567.)
x		1876	Chapman, H.C. (from Guyana; in capt.; anatomy & behavior; 452-462; pl. 26.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (gen. acc.; 56-59.)
		1877	Garrod, A.H.
x		1878	Harting, J.E. (gen. acc.; in capt., England; 285-287.)
x	*	1880	Murie, J. (in capt., 21-26; anatomy, 27-44, pls. 5-9.)
x		1881	Crane, A. (in capt., Brighton; 456-460.)
x		1882	Sumichrast, F. (Mexico; 213.)
		1883	Albrecht, D.
x		1883	Pelzeln, A.v. (syn. of M. latirostris in part & M. inunguis in part, 88-94; comp. w/ M. inunguis, 90.)
		1883	Henshaw, H.W. (supposed manatee effigies among stone tobacco pipes; Mississippi Valley)
x		1884	Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 368, 370.)
x		1885	Santa-Anna Nery, F.J. de ([= TI] Amazonia; 67-68, 71, 168.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m468.)
x		1886	Waldeyer, W. (pharynx; 245-246, 248.)
x		1887b	Baur, G. (supernumerary phalanges; 840.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (syn. of M. australis; m356.)
x		1889	Zipperlen, A. (in capt.; morphology; 25-26.)
x		1890	Pilliet, A.H. (stomach; 450-453.)
x		1891	Costa e Silva, B. da ("mamatus americanus" [= TI]; Brazil; 4.5-m specimen; 93-95.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (anatomy; 216, 219-220.)
x		1892	Waldeyer, W. (stomach & intestine; histology; 79-85.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (Brazil; 120-121.)
x		1895	Veríssimo, J. ([= TM] Maranhão, Brazil; culinary use; 99, m129.)
x		1896	Neish, W.D. (syn. of M. australis; m288.)
x		1901	Elliott, D.G. (m6.)
x		1907a	Anon. ([= TI] Juru R., Brazil; 98.)
x		1907	Freund, L. (history of attempts to keep in capt.; 66-71.)
x		1912b	Dexler, H. (brain, comp. w/ DD; 97-98, 181, 186.)
x		1914	Woodroffe, J.F. ([= TI] Brazil & Peru; hunting; 243-244.)
x		1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (Cuba; gen. acc.; 84-95.)
x		1919	Hanson, F.B. (sternum; 81, 111.)
x		1922	Sonntag, C.F. (tongue; 646.)
x		1923	Sowerby, A. de C. (m135.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (in capt.; historical records; 59-60.)
x		1925	Bittencourt, A. ([= TI] Amazonas, Brazil; exploitation; 134-136.)
x		1926	Sanielevici, H. (diet & mastication; 251, 254, 256.)
x		1927	Brash, J.C. (alveolar septal reworking & tooth replacement; 19-20.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (m86.)
x		1933	Jobim, A. ([= TI] Brazil; hunting; 136, 140-144.)
x		1934	Addison, W.H.F. (brain cells; 587, 590.)
x		1934	Bittencourt, A. ([= TI] Brazil; hunting; 24-25.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (type species of Halipaedisca Gistel; m534.)
x		1937	Pinheiro, A. ([= TI] Brazil; hunting; 215-218.)
x		1938	Todd & Todd (epiphyseal union sequence; 32.)
x		1953	Brash, J.C. (tooth replacement; 463-467.)
x		1960	Vúletin, A. ("Manatí americanus"; m124.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis in part & T. m. manatus in part; 309-310.)
x		1966	Bittencourt, A. ([= TI] Brazil; pop. acc.; 35-36.)
x		1967	Fiuza Lima, F. ("M. americano" [= TI]; Brazil; captive breeding proposed; 17-18.)
x		1978	Husson, A.M. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; m339.)
x		1994	Matthies, E. (illustration reproduced; 192.)

Manatus antiquus Leidy, 1856 ( 11 )
x	*	1856b	Leidy, J. (n.sp.; ?Mioc., eastern U.S.A.; 165.)
x		1869	Leidy, J. (in synopsis; 414.)
x		1877	Leidy, J. (Ashley phosphate beds, South Carolina; 214.)
x		1884b	True, F.W. (m116.)
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m378.)
x		1889	Leidy, J. (Peace Creek, Florida; m27.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (history of study; 232.)
x	*	1926	Allen, G.M. (referred to Halitherium; 455-458, pls. 2-3.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (history of study; 420-421, 444-445, 470.)
x		1988	Domning, D.P. (specimens referred to Metaxytherium floridanum; 396, 399.)
x		1989c	Domning, D.P. (considered nomen dubium; 416.)

Manatus atlanticus Oken, 1838 ( 3 )
	*	1838	Oken, L. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus in part & T. senegalensis in part; 536, 538.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus in part; 310.)

Manatus australis Retzius, 1794 ( 38 )
	*	1794	Retzius, A.J. (n.sp.)
		1802	Tilesius, W.G.
x		1808	Tiedemann, F. (gen. acc.; 555-556.)
		1835-36	Poeppig, E.F.
x		1837	Burmeister, H. (in classification; 793.)
x		1838	Wiegmann, A.F.A. (considered the appropriate name for the Orinoco manatee; 17.)
x		1848	Schomburgk, R. ([= TM] Guyana; [= TI?] Rio Branco, ?Brazil; 786.)
x		1855a	Gervais, P. ([= TI] anatomy, 114-115; econ. use, 116.)
x		1857	Baikie, B. (comp. w/ other species; 29-33.)
x		1857	Rapp, W.v. ([= TI] distr.; m87-88.)
x		1857	Shaw, N. (comp. w/ TS; 99.)
x		1860	Nordmann, A.v. (comp. w/ M. maeoticus; 331, 333.)
x		1863	McBain, J. (Belize; comp. w/ M. Senegalensis; 261-267.)
x		1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. americanus; m131, m133, m135.)
x		1867	Claudius, M. (ear region, comp. w/ HG; 6-7, 9-11, 13-14.)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (m166.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. americanus; m57.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. (gen. acc.; 293-294.)
x		1878	Filhol, H. (comp. w/ M. Coulombi; 125.)
x		1881	Crane, A. (lapsus [in title] for M. americanus; 456.)
x		1883	Pelzeln, A.v. (considered the correct name for the Amazonian manatee; 88-89, 95.)
x		1883	Stoll, O. (Lake Izabal, Guatemala; m346.)
x		1884b	True, F.W. (Britain; m114, 116.)
x		1885	Santa-Anna Nery, F.J. de ([= TI] Amazonia; 67-68, 71, 168.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (Tabasco, Mexico; distr., hunting, econ. use; 356-358.)
x		1889	Anon. (from Guyana; in capt., London; 527-528.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (syn. of M. americanus; m220.)
x		1896	Neish, W.D. (Jamaica; gen. acc.; 287-288.)
x		1901	Elliott, D.G. (m6.)
x		1902	Andrews, C.W. (m293.)
x	*	1903	Rodriguez Ferreira, A. (Par , Brazil; 169-174.)
x		1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (syn. of M. americanus; 89.)
		1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (m537.)
		1955	Tucker, R.
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis in part & T. m. manatus in part; 309-310.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (m126.)
x		1994	Matthies, E. (illustration reproduced; 188-189.)

Manatus balaenurus (Boddaert, 1785) Bechstein, 1800 ( 1 )
		*	1800	Bechstein, J.M. (n.comb.)

Manatus borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Link, 1795 ( 9 )
	*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.comb.)
		1802	Ozeretskovsky, N.
x		1808	Tiedemann, F. (gen. acc.; 555-556.)
		1811	Pallas, P.S.
x		1828	Fleming, J. ([= TM?] Britain; 29.)
x		1837	Bell, T. ([= TM?] Britain; 525.)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (syn. of Rhytina Stelleri; m104.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. ([= TM?] Britain; m469.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.)

Manatus brocchii (de Blainville, 1844) de Blainville, 1844 ( 2 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m209, 214.)

Manatus Brünnich, 1771 ( 99 )
			1751	Klein, J.T.
x		*	1771	Brünnich, M.T. (n.gen.; in classification & key; 34, 38-39.)
			1777	Scopoli, J.A.
x			1784	Mayer, J. (fossil "Mannatus"; Czechoslovakia; 262-263.)
x			1809a	Cuvier, G. (fossils; m303.)
x			1811	Illiger, C. (in classification; 140-141.)
x			1815	Rafinesque, C.S. (in classification; 60.)
x			1821	Gray, J.E. (in classification; 309.)
			1822	Albers, C.F.
x			1825	Gray, J.E. (in classification; m340.)
x			1825a	Harlan, R. (m275; 278-279.)
x			1825b	Harlan, R. (supposed fossil, Maryland [actually cetacean]; 236.)
			1826	Saint-Hilaire, I.G.
x			1827	Berthold, A.A. (in classification; 62.)
x			1827	Billberg, G.J. (in classification; tab. A.)
x			1828	Billberg, G.J. (in classification; tab. A.)
x			1833	Finch, I. (fossil; Virginia; 229.)
x			1835	Serres, M. de (fossil "manatus"; m238 [in 1838 ed.])
x			1837	Burmeister, H. (in classification; 793.)
x			1838a	Kaup, J.J. (comp. w/ Pugmeodon; 319.)
x			1838	Serres, M. de (Plioc., Montpellier, France; 285.)
x			1844	Smith, J.L. (fossil, South Carolina; 116-117.)
x			1846	Allen, J.H. (?Pleist., Tampa Bay, Florida; 41.)
x			1847	Brandt, J.F. (comp. w/ Hydrodamalis; 47-48.)
x			1848	Gistel, J. (Halipaedisca proposed as replacement name; 83.)
x			1849	Gibbes, R.W. (supposed Eoc. record, South Carolina; 193.)
x			1850	Gibbes, R.W. (supposed Eoc. record, South Carolina; 67-68.)
x			1850	Kneeland, S., Jr. (skeleton & affinities; 42-47.)
x			1853	Wallace, A.R. (Amazonia; 185-187, 458-461.)
x			1854	Leidy, J. (Plioc., North America; m10.)
x			1855	Owen, R. (comp. w/ Prorastomus; 542-543.)
x			1856a	Leidy, J. (comp. w/ Ischyrotherium; m89.)
			1857	Rapp, W.v.
			1858a	Krauss, C.F.F.
x			1860	McBain, J. (teeth; 152.)
			1862a	Krauss, C.F.F.
			1864	Dana, J.D. (in classification; m169.)
x			1867c	Brandt, J.F. (brain, comp. w/ HG & DD; 269-270.)
x			1868	Cope, E.D. (?Pleist., Maryland; m138.)
x			1868	Heuglin, M.T.v. (Ethiopia; 247, 289.)
x			1869	Leidy, J. (synopsis of North American remains; 414.)
x			1872a	Gill, T. (syn. of Trichechus; 91.)
			1872	Krauss, C.F.F.
x			1873	Gill, T. (phylogeny; 269, 272.)
x			1874	Flower, W.H. (comp. w/ Halitherium; 2-5.)
x			1875	Wilder, B.G. (m111.)
			1876	Sclater, P.L.
			1877	Leidy, J.
x			1878	Brown, A.E. (gen. acc.; 292-297.)
			1878	Tegetmaier, W.B.
x			1880	Cope, E.D. (squamosal foramina; 456.)
x			1880a	Zigno, A. de (comp. w/ Halitherium veronense; 293-294, 296.)
x			1884	Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles, comp. w/ HG; 367-370.)
x			1885a	Woodward, H. (rostral pads, m460; brain, 461; ear ossicles, 462; manus, m462; teeth, m464, m472.)
x			1889b	Dollo, L. (comp. w/ Miosiren; 416, 418-419, 421.)
x			1889	Lefèvre, T. (descent from Olig. Belgian sir.; 199-200.)
x			1891	Flower & Lydekker (anatomy; 213, 215-220, 224.)
x			1892	Lydekker, R. (origin of tooth pattern; m82.)
x			1893	Howes & Harrison (teeth; m790.)
x			1895	Gundlach, J. (Cuba; m20.)
			1897b	Kükenthal, W.
x			1899	Palmer, T.S. (syn. of Trichechus; m494.)
x			1901	Elliott, D.G. (diagnosis; 5-6.)
x			1902	Allen, J.A. ("Manatus Storr" "of even date with" Manati Zimmermann; 22.)
x			1904	Eggeling, H. (sternum; 99.)
x			1904	Freund, L. (manus, comp. w/ DD; 368, 372-373, 377-380, 383, 389-394.)
x			1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (pelvis; m2, 9-11, pl. 1.)
x			1905	Knauff (pelvis; 306.)
x			1907b	Arldt, T. (biogeographic significance; 674.)
x			1909	Anderson, R.J. (maxilla; 745.)
x			1912	Issel, A. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium subapenninum; m121.)
x			1912a	Matthes, E. (fetus, ear; 598.)
x			1914a	Freund, L. (comp. w/ DD embryo; number of cervical vertebrae, 359; fusion of cervical vertebrae, m360; vertebral column, 365; pelvis, 372-373; scapula, m375; forelimb, m380, m386.)
			1916b	Anon.
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (comp. w/ Halitherium antillense; 24.)
			1918b	Aichel, O.
x			1922	Sonntag, C.F. (tongue; 646-647.)
x			1923	Nopcsa, F.v. (pachyostosis; m357.)
x			1924	Thomas et al. (name preferred to Trichechus; 347.)
x			1925	ICZN (use of name, vs. Trichechus; 34, 38-40.)
x			1926	Aichel, O. (teeth; 43.)
x		*	1929	ICZN (name suppressed in favor of Trichechus; 19.)
x			1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus; 534.)
x			1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (anatomy; gen. acc.; 53-54, 59, 61-64.)
x			1943	Kaltenmark, J. (nasals, m18; phylogeny, 21.)
			1945	Matthes, E.
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Trichechus; in classification; 136.)
x			1949	Sanderson, I.T. (Suriname; 781.)
x		*	1952	Hemming, F. (suppression in favor of Trichechus; 159-160.)
x			1952a	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (comp. w/ Indosiren; 611.)
x			1954	Aragão, A. de (Brazil; hunting; 54-56.)
	D		1957	Pronina, I.G.
x			1960	Kappers et al. (pineal body; 2: 1064.)
x			1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus; 309.)
x			1968	Romer, A.S. (name preferred to Trichechus; 200.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Trichechus; m578.)
x			1981c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Trichechus; 130-132.)
x			1982	Domning, Rice et al. (syn. of Trichechus; m305.)
			2005	Ward, L.W. (fossil "manatus"; Stratford Hall, Virginia)

Manatus christolii (Fitzinger, 1842) de Blainville, 1844 ( 1 )
		*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)

Manatus clusii (Pennant, 1793) Bechstein, 1800 ( 1 )
		*	1800	Bechstein, J.M. (n.comb.)

Manatus coulombi Filhol, 1878 ( 7 )
x	*	1878	Filhol, H. (n.sp.; Eoc., Egypt; 124-125.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m378.)
x		1902	Andrews, C.W. (comp. w/ Eosiren libyca; 293.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; m474.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides aegyptiacum; m575.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; ?syn. of Protosiren fraasi; 71, 75.)

Manatus cuvieri (de Christol, 1832) de Blainville, 1844 ( 5 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m208.)
x		1867	Peters, K.F. (syn. of Halitherium Cordieri; m309.)
x		1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (syn. of Metaxytherium medium; m182.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of Metaxytherium serresii; 210.)

Manatus dubius (Cuvier, 1824) de Blainville, 1844 ( 1 )
		*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)

Manatus dugung (Erxleben, 1777) de Blainville, 1844 ( 1 )
		*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)

Manatus exunguis Natterer in Diesing, 1839 ( 9 )
x	*	1839	Diesing, C.M. (n.sp.; in quotation from Natterer; nematode Heterocheilus tunicatus, 230; trematode Amphistoma fabaceum, 236.)
x		1845	Stannius, H. (m2.)
x		1851	Diesing, C.M. (nematode Heterocheilus tunicatus; 209, 502.)
x		1899	Stiles & Hassall (syn. of M. inunguis; m169.)
x		1929	Stunkard, H.W. (trematode Chiorchis fabaceus; account quoted from Diesing; 254.)
x		1936	Baylis, H.A. (m257.)
x	*	1981c	Domning, D.P. (suppression proposed; 131-132.)
x		1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; 310, 312.)
x	*	1985	Melville, R.V. (name suppressed; 175-176.)

Manatus fluviatilis Olfers, 1818 ( 9 )
	*	1815	Illiger, C. (nomen nudum)
	*	1818	Olfers, I. (n.sp.)
x		1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. americanus; m135.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. americanus; m57.)
x		1901	Elliott, D.G. (m6.)
x		1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (syn. of M. americanus; m89.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (considered nomen nudum; 536.)
x		1959	Hershkovitz, P. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus; 342.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus; 310.)

Manatus fossilis Holl, 1829 ( 12 )
	*	1829	Holl, F. (n.sp.)
		1832	Meyer, H.v.
x		1834	Keferstein, C. (France, Bohemia, Maryland; 2: 217.)
x		1838a	Kaup, J.J. (m319.)
x		1840	Kaup, J.J. (syn. of Pugmeodon; 676.)
		1845	Pédroni, P.M.
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m208, 210.)
x		1867	Peters, K.F. (syn. of Halitherium Cordieri; m309.)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (m104.)
x		1880	Delfortrie, E. (comp. w/ Rytiodus; m139.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (history of collection, 101-102; m113.)
x		1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (syn. of Metaxytherium medium; m182.)

Manatus giganteus DeKay, 1842 ( 6 )
	*	1842	DeKay, J.E. (n.sp.)
x		1869	Leidy, J. (m414.)
x	*	1904	Case, E.C. (referred to Trichechus; 56.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (m231.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m421.)
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (review; 66.)

Manatus gigas (Zimmermann, 1780) Lucas, 1891 ( 2 )
x	*	1891	Lucas, F.A. (n.comb.; 623.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 93.)

Manatus guettardi de Blainville, 1844 ( 7 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.sp.)
		1845	Pédroni, P.M.
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m208, 210.)
x		1875a	Owen, R. (m104.)
x		1880	Delfortrie, E. (comp. w/ Rytiodus; m142.)
x	*	1889	Lefèvre, T. (referred to Metaxytherium; Belgium; 199.)
x		1892	Barbosa Rodrigues, J. ("M. Guetardi?"; Brazil; 53-54.)

Manatus guyannensis Bechstein, 1800 ( 2 )
	*	1800	Bechstein, J.M. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; 535.)

Manatus hydropithecus (Shaw, 1800) Fischer, 1829 ( 1 )
		*	1829	Fischer, J.B. (n.comb.)

Manatus indicus (Boddaert, 1785) Daudin, 1802 ( 2 )
	*	1802	Lacépède & Daudin (n.comb.)
		1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de

Manatus inornatus Leidy, 1873 ( 9 )
x	*	1873	Leidy, J. (n.sp.; South Carolina; 336-337, pl. 37.)
x		1884b	True, F.W. (m116.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m378.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (m232.)
x	*	1926	Allen, G.M. (syn. of Halitherium antiquum; 455, 457-458.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (history of study; 420-421, 444-445.)
x		1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 65-66.)
x		1989c	Domning, D.P. (considered nomen dubium; 416.)

Manatus inunguis Natterer in von Pelzeln, 1883 ( 40 )
x	*	1883	Pelzeln, A.v. (n.sp.; in quotation from Natterer; syn. of M. australis; Amazonas, Brazil; 88-94.)
	*	1886a	Hartlaub, C.
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (comp. w/ Manatherium; 372.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (m220.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (Brazil; 120.)
x		1895	Veríssimo, J. (Brazil; hunting & econ. use; 35-40, 92-93, 96, 99-102, 117, 119, 129.)
x		1896	Sclater, P.L. (in capt., London; 212.)
x	*	1897	Beddard, F.E. (comp. w/ M. latirostris; 47-53.)
x		1897b	Kükenthal, W. (diagnosis, based on external characters; 40.)
x		1899	Stiles & Hassall (nematode Heterocheilus tunicatus; m107, m169-170.)
x		1904	Goeldi & Hagmann (Brazil; 89-90.)
x		1905	Mitchell, P.C. (intestine; 464-465.)
x		1907	Freund, L. (history of attempts to keep in capt.; 68, 71.)
x		1916a	Anon. (in capt., New York; 1419, 1421.)
x		1919	Anon. (in capt., New York; supposed stomach anomaly; 46.)
x		1921b	Marcus, H. (number of teeth; 155.)
x		1923	Kostanecki, K. (cecum; 273-276.)
x		1924b	Petit, G. (kidney; m245.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (m86.)
		1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; 537.)
x		1938	Devillers, C. (in capt.; measurements, behavior; 84-88.)
x		1938	Todd & Todd (epiphyseal union sequence; 32.)
x		1939a	Moraes, R. (Brazil; export in 17th century; 91-92.)
x		1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (gen. acc.; 54-55, 59, 61.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (nasals; 15.)
x		1948	Mendes, A. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; m325.)
x		1949	Vieira, C.O.C. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; m268.)
x		1951	Wegner, R.N. (dental capsule; 76-81.)
x		1952	Nimuendajú, C. (Amazonas, Brazil; "rarely caught" by Tukuna Indians; m26.)
		1954	Barroso, A. E. V. (Manatus inunguis, Ilha de Marajó, Brazil)
x	*	1954b	Friant, M. (brain; 129-135.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; m309.)
x		1961	Slijper, E.J. (closure of foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus; 536.)
x		1965	Ruschi, A. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; m30.)
x		1972	Coimbra-Filho, A.F. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; m82.)
x		1973	Pine, R.H. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; m74.)
x		1976	Fleischer, G. (anchoring of stapes; 305, 309-310.)
x		1981c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Trichechus inunguis; 131.)
x	*	1985	Melville, R.V. (specific name placed on Official List of Names in Zoology; 175-176.)

Manatus koellikeri Kükenthal, 1897 ( 11 )
x	*	1897b	Kükenthal, W. (n.sp.; Suriname; 40.)
x		1907	Freund, L. (m71-72.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (validity doubtful; 59.)
		1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; 537.)
x		1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (validity doubtful; m54.)
	*	1945	Matthes, E. (synonymized with Trichechus m. manatus)
x		1951	Kleinschmidt, A. (skin structure; 308.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus; 310.)
x		1978	Husson, A.M. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; m339.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (syn. of Trichechus manatus; m88.)

Manatus latirostris Harlan, 1824 ( 63 )
x	*	1824	Harlan, R. (n.sp.; Florida; 390-394, pl. 13.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (Florida, 277; Belize, m278.)
x		1837	Richardson, J. (m162.)
x		1838	Wiegmann, A.F.A. (relationship to other species; 12-17.)
x		1850	Wyman, J. (comp. w/ M. nasutus; 45-47.)
x		1851	Wyman, J. (skull; 192.)
x		1856b	Leidy, J. (comp. w/ M. antiquus; 165.)
x		1857	Baikie, B. (validity doubtful; m29, m33.)
x	*	1857	Rapp, W.v. (Suriname; anatomy; 87-98, pl. 3.)
x		1861	Möbius, K. (Belize; structure of rostral pads; 148-156, pl. 7.)
x		1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. americanus; 131-132, 135.)
		1868a	Anon.
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (m166.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. americanus; m57.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. (gen. acc.; 293-297.)
		1878	Gulliver, G.
x		1883	Pelzeln, A.v. (name used for TM in preference to M. americanus; 89, 91, 93-95.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (ear ossicles, 462; m468.)
	*	1886a	Hartlaub, C.
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (comp. w/ Manatherium; 371, 375.)
x		1887	Martin, K. (Suriname; 27.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (syn. of M. australis; m356.)
x		1891	Leidy, J. (trematode Amphistomum fabaceum; 413-414.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (syn. of M. americanus; m220.)
x		1892	Tuckerman, F. (tongue; 77.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (Brazil; 120.)
x		1896	Kükenthal, W. (embryonic dentition; 513-526.)
x	*	1897	Beddard, F.E. (comp. w/ M. inunguis; 47-53.)
x		1897b	Kükenthal, W. (diagnosis; 39.)
x		1901	Elliott, D.G. (diagnosis, 6; pl. 2.)
x		1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (pelvis; 9-11, pl. 1.)
x		1907	Freund, L. (history of attempts to keep in capt.; 68-71.)
x		1908c	Abel, O. (locomotor organs; m403.)
x		1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. (in capt.; anatomy, behavior, etc.; 225-236, pl. 9.)
		1912b	Matthes, E.
x		1915	Anon. (from Puerto Rico; in capt., New York; 1216-1217.)
x		1916a	Anon. (in capt., New York; behavior, comp. w/ M. inunguis; 1421.)
x		1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (syn. of M. americanus; m89.)
x		1918	Ménégaux, A. (syn. of TM; m699.)
x		1924b	Petit, G. (kidney; 245.)
		1932	Korschelt, E. (radius & ulna; 451.)
x		1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (trematode Schizamphistoma manati; 163, 167.)
		1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus latirostris; 536.)
x		1935b	Wislocki, G.B. (syn. of Trichechus latirostris; m159.)
x		1936	Baylis, H.A. (m257.)
x		1938	Todd & Todd (epiphyseal union sequence; 32.)
		1940	Wislocki, G.B.
x		1941	Pycraft, W.P. (illustration; 328.)
x		1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (gen. acc.; 54-55.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (nasals; 15.)
x		1947	Harwood, K. (Florida; in capt.; pop. acc.; 50, 89.)
x		1955	Miller & Kellogg (syn. of Trichechus manatus latirostris; m791.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus, in part; 310.)
x		1961	Slijper, E.J. (closure of foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus; 536.)
x		1963	Alvarez, T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus latirostris; m465.)
x		1965b	Kaiser, H.E. (body cavity nomenclature; 426-428.)
x		1966a	Kaiser, H.E. (body cavity; 61, 66.)
x		1976	Koopman, K.F. (cotype in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; 23.)
x		1978a	Domning, D.P. (myology; 5.)
x		1978	Husson, A.M. (syn. of Trichechus manatus; m339.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (cotypes; 113.)
x		1994	Matthies, E. (illustration reproduced; 188, 190.)

Manatus maeoticus Eichwald, 1850 ( 8 )
	v		1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de
		*	1850	Eichwald, E.v.
x		*	1860	Nordmann, A.v. (Bessarabia; 328-333, pl. 25.)
x			1861	Nordmann, A.v. (Bessarabia; 581-582, pl. 11.)
			1900	Sinzov, I.
x			1931	Simionescu, I. (Romania; 146, 154-155, 157.)
x		*	1942	Macarovici & Oescu (Bessarabia; 351, 353, 376-379, 382, pl. 7.)
			1976	Reinhart, R.H. (Bessarabia; 281-282.)

Manatus manatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [author of combination not identified] ( 3 )
x	1917	Holland, W.J. (Isle of Pines, Cuba; 356.)
x	1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (syn. of M. americanus; 89.)
x	1954b	Friant, M. (brain; 133-134.)

Manatus minor Daudin, 1802 ( 3 )
	*	1802	Daudin, F.M. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus in part & T. inunguis in part; 536.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of Trichechus m. manatus in part & T. inunguis in part; 309-310.)

Manatus nasutus Wyman in Perkins, 1848 ( 11 )
x	v	*	1848	Perkins, G.A. (species described but not named; 198-199.)
x		*	1848	Wyman, J. (n.sp.; 199.)
x			1850	Wyman, J. (skull; 45-47.)
x		*	1851	Wyman, J. (skull; 192.)
x			1857	Baikie, B. (?syn. of M. senegalensis; m29, m33.)
x			1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. senegalensis; m132, m134.)
x			1872a	Murie, J. (lungs; m172.)
x			1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. senegalensis; m57.)
x			1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 536, 538.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 382.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 126.)

Manatus oronocensis Bechstein, 1800 ( 3 )
	*	1800	Bechstein, J.M. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus manatus in part & T. inunguis in part; 535.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. ("M. orenocensis", "M. oronecensis"; syn. of Trichechus m. manatus in part & T. inunguis in part; 309-310.)

Manatus oweni Du Chaillu, 1861 ( 7 )
x	*	1861a	Du Chaillu, P.B. (n.sp.; name conditionally proposed; West Africa; measurements, habits; 367.)
x		1861b	Du Chaillu, P.B. (m471.)
x		1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. senegalensis; 133-134.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. senegalensis; m57.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 537-538.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 382.)
x	*	1986	Domning & Hayek (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 126.)

Manatus renggeri Bronn, 1838 ( 1 )
		*	1838	Bronn, H.G. (n.sp.; nomen nudum)

Manatus schinzii (Kaup, 1838) de Blainville, 1844 ( 2 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)
x		1846	Meyer, H.v. (syn. of Halianassa Collinii; 328.)

Manatus senegalensis Desmarest, 1817 ( 57 )
	*	1817b	Desmarest, A.G.
		1822	Cuvier, F.
x		1824	Harlan, R. (comp. w/ other species; 390-394, pl. 13.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m277.)
		1827-34	Griffith et al.
x		1837	Herapath, A. N. (Gabon R.; gen. acc.; 110-111.)
x		1837	Richardson, J. (m162.)
x		1838	Wiegmann, A.F.A. (relationship to other species; 12-13.)
x		1849	Warren, J.C. (m199.)
x		1850	Wyman, J. (comp. w/ M. nasutus; 45-47.)
x		1857	Baikie, B. (comp. w/ M. Vogelii & other species; 29-33.)
x		1857b	Owen, R. (comp. w/ M. Vogelii; 99-100.)
x		1860	McBain, J. (skull; 150-152.)
x		1861a	Du Chaillu, P.B. (m367.)
x		1863	McBain, J. (comp. w/ M. australis; 261-267.)
x	*	1865	Gray, J.E. (comp. w/ M. americanus; 131-138.)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (m166.)
x		1874	Schweinfurth, G. (Keebaly R., West Africa; 159-160, 512.)
x		1874	Schweinfurth, G. (Keebaly R., West Africa; 138, 422.)
x		1876	Southwell, T. (gen. acc.; 57, 59.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. (gen. acc.; 293-294.)
x		1883	Moloney, C.A. (Gold Coast; capture; 27-29.)
x		1883	Rochebrune, A.T. de (Senegambia; 190-191.)
x		1884	Doran, A.H.G. (ear ossicles; 368-369.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (teeth; 468.)
	*	1886a	Hartlaub, C.
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (comp. w/ Manatherium; 370, 372-374.)
x		1888	Jentink, F.A. (Liberia; measurements; 33-34.)
x		1890	Büttikofer, J. (Liberia; distr. & capture; 2: 392-393.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (anatomy; 217, 220.)
x		1894	Miller, W.D. (tooth caries; 15-18.)
		1894	Turner, W.
x		1897b	Kükenthal, W. (diagnosis; 39.)
x		1903	Gruvel, A. (Congo; barnacle Chelonibia manati; 116.)
x		1907	Freund, L. (history of attempts to keep in capt.; 71.)
x		1921a	Marcus, H. (tooth replacement; 574-586, pls. 18-19.)
x		1921b	Marcus, H. (number of teeth; 155.)
x		1923	Sowerby, A. de C. (m135.)
x		1924b	Petit, G. (kidney; 245.)
x		1924c	Petit, G. (kidney; 2197-2200.)
x		1925	Pécaud, G. (Benué R.; 48.)
x		1928b	Petit, G. (fusion of cervical vertebrae; 429-431.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (m86.)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 410, 412-413, 415.)
		1933	Bahrdt, H.J.
x	*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 536, 538.)
x		1936	Baylis, H.A. (Nigeria; trematode Chiorchis fabaceus; 257.)
x		1937	Johnson, E. ("Manabus senegalensis"; Gambia; 63-64, 66.)
x		1937	Sanderson, I.T. (Mamfe, West Africa; 266-268.)
x		1938	Todd & Todd (epiphyseal union sequence; 32.)
x		1939	Beal, W.P.B. (gen. acc. & possible econ. use; 125-126.)
x		1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (gen. acc.; 54-62.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (nasals; 15.)
x		1951	Wegner, R.N. (dental capsule; 76-81.)
x		1953	Brash, J.C. (tooth replacement; 463-464.)
x		1954b	Friant, M. (brain; 130-131, 134.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (m126.)

Manatus simia Illiger, 1815 ( 1 )
		*	1815	Illiger, C.

Manatus simininus Bechstein, 1800 ( 1 )
		*	1800	Bechstein, J.M.

Manatus sphaerurus Illiger, 1815 ( 2 )
	*	1815	Illiger, C. (n.sp.; nomen nudum)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (nomen nudum; syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 536, 538.)

Manatus stroggylonurus Bechstein, 1800 ( 2 )
	*	1800	Bechstein, J.M. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 536-537.)

Manatus studeri von Meyer, 1837 ( 7 )
x	*	1837	Meyer, H.v. (n.sp.; nomen nudum; 677.)
x	*	1838	Meyer, H.v. (referred to Halianassa; 667.)
x		1839a	Meyer, H.v. (syn. of Halianassa Studeri; 4.)
x		1840	Kaup, J.J. (?referred to Halitherium; 675.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (referred to Thalattosiren; 110-111, 113.)
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (review; 68-69.)
x	*	1987b	Domning, D.P. (considered nomen nudum; 122-125.)

Manatus tabernaculi (Rüppell, 1834) de Blainville, 1844 ( 1 )
		*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.comb.)

Manatus vogelii Owen, 1856 ( 14 )
		*	1856	Owen, R. (n.sp.)
x		*	1857	Baikie, B. (skull, comp. w/ other species; 29-33, pl. 51.)
			1857b	Owen, R. (reprinting of Owen [1856]; 99-100.)
x			1861a	Du Chaillu, P.B. (probable senior syn. of M. Oweni; 367.)
x			1865	Gray, J.E. (syn. of M. senegalensis; 133-134.)
	v		1869	Verne, J. ("ajoub"; fictional account)
x			1874	Schweinfurth, G. (Keebaly R., West Africa; 160, 572.)
x			1874	Schweinfurth, G. (Keebaly R., West Africa; 138, 422.)
x			1876	Southwell, T. (syn. of M. senegalensis; m57.)
			1877	Heuglin, M.T.v.
x			1925	Pécaud, G. (Lake Chad & Chari R.; 48.)
x			1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 537-538.)
x			1942a	Kaltenmark, J. (m56.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis; 126.)

Manatus vulgaris Bechstein, 1795 ( 1 )
		*	1795	Bechstein, J.M. (n.sp.)

Maryland ( 16 )
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (Manatus; 278.)
x		1825b	Harlan, R. (Manatus [erroneous report]; 236.)
x		1834	Keferstein, C. (Manatus fossilis; m2: 217.)
x		1868	Cope, E.D. (Manatus; ?Pleist., Charles Co.; m138.)
x		1904	Case, E.C. (Trichechus giganteus; Mioc.; 56-57, pl. 26.)
		1904	Shattuck, G.B.
x		1906	True, F.W. (?Metaxytherium; Calvert Formation; 835, 840, pl. 76.)
x		1917	Palmer, W. (Mioc. sir.; 344.)
x		1957	Kellogg & Whitmore (Metaxytherium; paleoecology; 1022.)
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium calvertense, n.sp.; Middle Mioc.; 66-67, 71.)
		1971	Gernant et al.
x		1980	Burton, B. (?TML; Chesapeake Bay; 19, 40-41.)
x		1984b	Domning, D.P. (fossil & Recent sirs.; pop. acc.; 5-6.)
x		1987	Shisler, M. (?TM; Solomons Harbor; 34.)
x		1998	Bohaska, D.J. (indet. dugongid; Early Mioc.; m183-185.)
	*	2018	Domning, D.P. (Sir. fauna of Mioc. Chesapeake Group; U.S. East Coast.)

Masrisiren abeli Kretzoi, 1941 ( 3 )
x	*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.n.sp.; Eoc., Egypt; 152.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.)

Masrisiren Kretzoi, 1941 ( 2 )
x	*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (n.gen.; Eoc., Egypt; in classification; 152, 155, pl. 6.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Eotheroides; m575.)

Mastication ( 34 )
(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Ingestive)
			1878	Tegetmaier, W.B. (Trichechus; lips)
x			1921a	Marcus, H. (Trichechus; ?propalinal jaw motion; 581.)
x			1925	Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium & Hydrodamalis; 57-58.)
x			1926	Sanielevici, H. (sirs. interpreted as molluscivores; 251-256.)
x			1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; "little chewing"; 217.)
x			1940	Pocock, R.I. (DD; cause of tooth wear; 340.)
x			1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (Trichechus; 10-11.)
x			1953	Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; molar occlusion; 143-144.)
x			1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; role of rostral pads; 22-23.)
x			1971b	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium & Hydrodamalis; 217-218.)
x		*	1973	Sonoda & Takemura (TMM; rate & sound frequency of chewing; 21, 24.)
x			1976	Lipkin, Y. (DD; thought ineffective at chewing dry plants, 88, or algae, 92-93.)
x			1977a	Domning, D.P. (DD; jaw muscles; 27-28.)
x		*	1978a	Domning, D.P. (TI; jaw mechanics; 57-67.)
x		*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; jaw mechanics; 117-121.)
x			1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; rate = 2 chews/sec; 85.)
x			1980	Marsh, H. (DD: adaptations to tooth wear; 199.)
x			1980	Miller et al. (TM; propalinal jaw movement & tooth replacement; 128A.)
x			1982	Marsh et al. (DD; condition of stomach contents; tooth size; 59, 64.)
x			1983	Bengtson, J.L. (TML; chewing rate & food consumption; 1187-1191.)
x			1983a	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus; tooth replacement; pop. acc.; 8, 10-11.)
x		*	1984	Domning & Hayek (TI; chewing & tooth replacement; 119-125.)
x			1985	Etheridge et al. (TM; chewing rate & food consumption; 21-25.)
x	D		1985	Fortelius, M. (sirs. & desmostylians; functional anatomy of cheek teeth; 11, 52-53, 57, 65.)
x			1986	Gallivan & Best (TI; chewing rate; 554-556.)
			1988	Janis & Fortelius
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (Xenosiren yucateca; 435-436.)
x		*	1998	Marsh et al. (DD, TML, TMM; fragment size of stomach contents; 250-255.)
	D		2000	Taru, H. (Paleoparadoxia tabatai)
	D		2000	Werth, A.
	D		2000	Taru, H. (Paleoparadoxia tabatai)
			2006a	Lanyon & Sanson (DD; degenerate dentition & tooth wear)
			2006	Kobayashi & Tazaki (Hydrodamalinae; evolution of mastication)
		*	2006b	Lanyon & Sanson (DD)

Medicinal Applications ( 51 )
(SEE ALSO: Economic Use)
		1526	Oviedo, G.F. de (TMM; West Indies)
x		1665	Rochefort, C. de (TMM; West Indies; 195.)
x		1667	Rochefort, C. de (TMM; West Indies; 393-394.)
		1710	Labach, L.A. ("manatee stones")
x	*	1770	Alston, C. (Trichechus; petrous bones; medicinal use; 537-538.)
x		1809a	Cuvier, G. (Trichechus; ear bones; m275, 287.)
		1814	Merolla da Sorrento, J. (TS; ribs, ear bones)
x		1814	Santos, J. dos (DD; Mozambique; tusks; 701.)
x		1826	Wied-Neuwied, M. zu (TMM; Brazil; bone; 603.)
		1852	Sidney, S. (DD; Australia; oil)
x		1857	Fairholme, J.K.E. (DD; Australia; oil; 353.)
x		1860	McGrigor-Croft, J. (DD; oil; 7166-7169.)
		1863	Gould, J. (DD; Australia)
x		1874	Estacio da Silveira, S. (TMM; Maranhão, Brazil; bone; as anticoagulant; 27.)
x		1881	Anon. (DD; Australia; oil; 743.)
x		1882	Faithful, P. (DD; Queensland; oil; 6-7, 9-10, 13, 15.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (TMM; Mexico; bones; 357-358.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (Trichechus; Brazil; hide, oil; for rheumatism; 120.)
x		1895	Thurston, E. (DD; Sri Lanka; fat; 99.)
x		1901	Anon. (DD; Torres Strait; fat; m21239.)
x		1909	Anon. (DD; Australia; meat; 93.)
x		1912	Harris, W.K. (DD; Australia; oil, lard; 227-228.)
x		1917	Fairchild, D. (Trichechus; oil; 345.)
x		1922	Dandouau, A. (?DD; Madagascar; fat; 119.)
x		1923	Jackson, E.S. (DD; Australia; oil; m282.)
x	*	1923a	Petit, G. (DD; Comoro Islands; bone, tusks, fat; 83.)
		1925	Cardim, F.
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (DD; fat, oil, bones; 87.)
x		1931	Meek, C.K. (TS; Nigeria; virility charm; 304.)
x		1935	Allen, G.M. (DD; China; tympanic bones; 81.)
x		1935	Sowerby, A. de C. (DD; China; tympanic bones; 81.)
		1937	Petit, G.
x		1938	Wood, T. (DD; oil; for baldness; m53.)
x		1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; fat; for baldness & for "strangles" in horses; 189.)
		1963	Bertram, G.C.L.
x		1966	Thomas, D. (DD; India; meat, for intestinal disorders & for causing abortion, 80; oil, for dysentery, intestinal ulcers, & piles; 81.)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (DD; India; meat; m218.)
x		1967	Welsby, T. (DD; Queensland; oil; 1: 102-103, 2: 249-250.)
x		1968a	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Australia; oil; 386, 388.)
x		1971	Almeida, A. de (DD; use by Australians [in Timor?]; oil; 212.)
x		1971	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Australia; oil; 146-147.)
x		1972	Stoddart, D.R. (DD; European use of dugong "stone"; 208-209, 214.)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Sabah, powdered teeth, m308; Queensland, oil, 322.)
x		1974	Mondolfi, E. (TMM; Venezuela; bones; for asthma; 13.)
x		1981a	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus; Brazil; hide, fat, bone; meat considered "unhealthy"; 94.)
x		1981	Marsh et al. (DD; Australia; oil; 260.)
x		1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; bones; 1011.)
x		1988	O'Shea et al. (TMM; Venezuela; meat, oil, skin, bones; 293-294.)
x		1988	Reeves et al. (TS; Nigeria; skin; m80.)
x		1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; oil, bones, meat, blood; 97-98, 114-115.)
		1992	Correa-Viana & O'Shea (TMM; Venezuela)

Mediterranean Sea ( 13 )
(SEE ALSO: Africa; Malta; other countries bordering the Mediterranean)
x		1930	Aharoni, J. (DD; Palestine; dispersal via Suez Canal; 330.)
		1945	Anon. (DD; Palestine)
		1973	Symeonidis & Schultz (Mioc., Crete)
x		1981d	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & marine plants; paleoecology; 419.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (Messinian [Late Mioc.] salinity crisis & sir. paleoecology; 229-230.)
		2004	Marcopoulou-Diacantoni & Logos (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Crete; Late Miocene)
x		2004	Athanassiou, A. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mioc., Crete; 2.)
		2008	Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium spp.; Mioc.-Plioc.; peri-Messinian dwarfing)
		2009	Clementz et al. (Tethys-Mediterranean sirs.; Eoc.-Plioc.; diets, salinity; stable isotopes)
		2010	Svana et al. (Crete)
	*	2012	Sorbi et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc., Italy & Spain)
		2013	Prista et al. (Euro-North African sirs.; extinction)
	*	2014	Prista et al. (Euro-North African Sirenia biodiversity & climate)

Mermaid Legend ( 49 )
(SEE ALSO: Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance; Ri)
		1750	Rumph, G.E. (legends based on dugongs)
x		1796	Stedman, J.G. (Suriname; mermaids & "Watra Mama"; 177-178.)
		1802	Tilesius, W.G.
x		1809a	Cuvier, G. (sir. origin of legend; 280-281.)
x		1828	Fleming, J. (Britain; sirs. & mermaids; 30.)
x		1829	Anon. (Shetland Islands; manatee-like animal caught; 57-60.)
		1869	Timbs, J. ("mermaids", incl. sirs., 33-48.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. ("mermaid" [probably a seal] identified as a sir.; 291.)
x		1893	Anon. (pop. acc.; 800.)
		1916	Lucas, F.A. (pop. acc.; 315.)
x		1917	Fairchild, D. (misc. accounts; 340-341.)
x		1917	Rodway, J. (Guyana; "water mamma"; 491, 499.)
x	*	1923a	Petit, G. (Madagascar; myth; 78-82.)
x		1924e	Petit, G. (sir. origin of legend considered probable; 294-295.)
x		1926	Cheesman, R.E. (DD; Red Sea; m348.)
x		1927	Hopwood, A.T. (pop. acc.; 17-18.)
x		1928	Prater, S.H. (DD; Indian Ocean; legends; 96-97.)
x		1930	Anon. (pop. acc.; 37-38.)
x		1930a	Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 41-42.)
x		1935	Barrett, O.W. (Africa; frozen dugong carcass exhibited as mermaid; 219.)
		1945	Lewis, C.
x	*	1951b	Burton, M. (sir. origin of legend challenged; 588.)
		1952	Pires de Lima, F. de C.
x		1954	Lawrence, J.E. (Florida; pop. acc.; 401.)
x		1956	Loftin, H. (pop. acc.; 350.)
x		1957	Burton, M. (sir. origin of legend discounted, in light of manatee behavior; 272.)
x		1957b	Carrington, R. (history of legend, 33-39; sirs., 38-39.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (connection with dugongs considered probable; 46-47.)
x		1958	Loftin, H. (pop. acc.; 256.)
x		1958	Savory, B. (Aden; stuffed "mermaids"; 255.)
x		1959	Smith, F.G.W. (connections with sirs.; pop. acc.; 74-82.)
		1960	Almeida, A. de
x		1960	Crusz, H. (Sri Lanka; pop. acc.; 300-301.)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (India; reaction of populace to legend; 215.)
x		1979	Zhang, Z.-m. (China; capture of supposed mermaids [dugongs]; 33-36.)
x		1985	Greenwell, J.R. ("ri" & possible sir. or cetacean origins of legend; 152-153.)
		1989a	Kamiya, T.
x	*	1991	Pietsch, T.W. (S. Fallours' painting of a mermaid probably based on a dugong; 1-25.)
x		1994	Dennis, J. (pop. acc.; 70-72.)
		1994	Kataoka, T.
x		1995	Knappert, J. (Malaysia, Indonesia, Manus Islands; legends of origin of dugong; 68.)
		2009	Thomas, L.
		2010	Hysing-Dahl, C.
		2012	Muir & Kiszka (DD; East Africa)
x		2013	Senter & Snow (forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman" identified as Trichechus sp.; Brazil; 257-262.)
		2015	Nontji, A. (DD; Indonesia; "dugong princess" legends)
	*	2017	Moore et al. (DD; Indonesia; "lost princess" legends)
	*	2018	Brito, C. (history of the manatee-mermaid connection in European natural history)
		2020	Scribner, V. (Mermaid lore, including sirs.)

Mesosiren Abel, 1906 ( 7 )
x	*	1906	Abel, O. (n.gen., Late Eoc., Italy, 52-59; comp. w/ Paraliosiren, 59.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 471, 473, 495, 499.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154-155.)
x		1943	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 6, 9.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Prototherium; m135.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Prototherium; m575.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Prototherium; 378-379.)

Mesosiren dolloi Abel, 1906 ( 3 )
x	*	1906	Abel, O. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Italy; 52-59.)
x		1942	Heuvelmans, B. (comp. w/ Prorastoma veronense; 1, 4.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.)

Metabolism: Metabolism: SEE Respiration and Diving ( 0 )

Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi, 1941 ( 1 )
x		*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (new subfamily; 155.)

Metaxytherium albifontanum Vélez-Juarbe & Domning, 2014 ( 1 )
		*	2014a	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (n.sp.; Late Olig., Florida, South Carolina)

Metaxytherium alleni (Simpson, 1932) Fondi and Pacini, 1974 ( 1 )
x		*	1974	Fondi & Pacini (n.comb.; comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-46.)

Metaxytherium allisoni (Kilmer, 1965) Domning, 1971 ( 4 )
x	*	1971a	Domning, D.P. (n.comb.; 110.)
x		1972a	Domning, D.P. (distr.; 147, 149.)
x		1975	Domning, D.P. (feeding ecology; 824.)
x	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (referred to Dioplotherium; 5.)

Metaxytherium aquitaniae Pilleri, 1987 ( 1 )
		*	1987	Pilleri, G. (n.sp.)

Metaxytherium arctodites Aranda-Manteca, Domning, and Barnes, 1994 ( 1 )
		*	1994	Aranda-Manteca et al. (n.sp.; Middle Mioc., Baja California & California)

Metaxytherium argoviense Pilleri, 1987 ( 1 )
		*	1987	Pilleri, G. (n.sp., proposed conditionally)

Metaxytherium beaumonti de Christol in de Blainville, 1844 ( 10 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.sp.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m209-210.)
x		1895	Depéret, C. (m409.)
		1920	Depéret & Roman
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m475.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m103.)
x		1965	Kilmer, F.H. (m69.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m69-70.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (considered nomen dubium; 206, 208.)

Metaxytherium bellunense (de Zigno, 1875) Lepsius, 1882 ( 2 )
	*	1882	Lepsius, G.R. (n.comb.; 180.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (m112.)

Metaxytherium brocchii (de Blainville, 1844) Laurillard, 1846 ( 1 )
		*	1846	Laurillard, C.L. (n.comb.)

Metaxytherium calvertense Kellogg, 1966 ( 28 )
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (n.sp.; Middle Mioc., Maryland; 71-90, pls. 33-43.)
x		1971	Reinhart, R.H. (m8.)
x		1972	Varona, L.S. (comp. w/ M. riveroi; 10, 14.)
x		1974	Domning, D.P. (m8.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-46.)
		1976	Reinhart, R.H. (Florida)
x		1977	Hooijer, D.A. (comp. w/ M. cf. medium; 2, 7-9, 11.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 7, 12, 14, 74.)
x		1984b	Domning, D.P. (pop. acc.; 5.)
x		1984c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ sir. from Pamunkey R., Virginia; 224.)
x		1984	Muizon, C. de (Peru; m171.)
x		1985	Muizon & De Vries (Peru; m560.)
x	*	1985	Muizon & Domning (Mioc., Peru; 189-206, 209-213.)
		1986b	Anon.
x		1986	Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 273.)
x		1987	Bajpai et al. (comp. w/ M. kachchhense; 22-23.)
x		1988	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. floridanum; Florida records erroneous; 397, 400-401, 416-418.)
x		1989b	Domning, D.P. (m56, 59.)
x		1990	Aranda-Manteca, F.J. ("Metaxytherium cf. M. calvertense"; Mioc., Baja California; 100, 103-104, 108, 111, pl. 3.)
x	*	1990	MacPhee & Wyss (M. cf. calvertense; Mioc., Puerto Rico; 21-26, 37-38.)
x		1992	Hulbert, R.C., Jr. (Florida; in checklist; 29.)
	*	1994	Aranda-Manteca et al. (synonymized w/ M. crataegense)
x		1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (South America; review; 326.)
x		1997b	Carone, G. (comp. w/ M. medium; 94, 98.)
x		1997a	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren magdalenensis; m388.)
x		1999	Fierstine, H.L. (syn. of M. crataegense; m435.)
x		2006	Pledge, N.S. (comp. w/ "Dugonginae incertae sedis", Early Plioc., South Australia; 301-302.)
x		2015	Amson et al. (syn. of M. crataegense; m2.)

Metaxytherium catalaunicum Pilleri in Pilleri, Biosca, & Via, 1989 ( 3 )
	*	1989	Pilleri et al. (n.sp.; Mioc., Spain)
		1994	Aragonés i Valls, E.
x	*	1996a	Domning, D.P. (syn. of M. medium; 387.)

Metaxytherium christoli (Fitzinger, 1842) Laurillard, 1846 ( 4 )
	*	1846	Laurillard, C.L. (n.comb.)
x		1895	Depéret, C. (m409; comp. w/ M. krahuletzi, 411.)
		1902	Schlosser, M.
x		1914	Depéret, C. (phyletic position; 1861.)

Metaxytherium cordieri de Christol in de Blainville, 1844 ( 5 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.sp.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m208, 210.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m103, m113.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m70.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of M. medium; 206.)

Metaxytherium crataegense (Simpson, 1932) Aranda-Manteca, Domning, and Barnes, 1994 ( 6 )
	*	1994	Aranda-Manteca et al. (n.comb.)
x		1998	Bohaska, D.J. (m183, m185.)
x		1999	Fierstine, H.L. (distr. via Central American Seaway; 435.)
		2011	Álvarez A., A. (Cuba)
x		2015	Amson et al. (comp. w/ supposed sir. rib reidentified as sloth; 2.)
	*	2018	Domning, D.P. (Mioc. Chesapeake Group; U.S. East Coast; 241-262.)

Metaxytherium cuvierii (de Christol, 1832) de Christol in de Blainville, 1844 ( 38 )
	*	1844	Blainville, H.M.D. de (n.sp.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (m206, 209-210, 221.)
		1852	Christol, J. de
x		1919	Gómez Llueca, F. (Mallorca; teeth, vertebra; 54-59, 61, 64, pls. 16-17.)
		1920	Depéret & Roman
x		1922	Roman, F. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium from Early Mioc. of France; 232.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (humerus, comp. w/ M. floridanum; 233-235.)
x		1925	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ M. jordani; 58, 63, 67.)
		1926	Cottreau, J.
		1928	Cottreau, J.
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 427, 431-432, 435, 440, 442, 451, 453-454, 456, 468, 475-476, 478-480.)
x		1941	Gregory, J.T. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium ossivallense; 37, 39-40.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Masrisiren; m152.)
x		1941a	VanderHoof, V.L. (m1985.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m103, m106; comp. w/ "Metaxytherium n. sp.", 108-110; 113.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 15-17, 19-21, 23-24.)
x		1946	Bauzá, J. (Mallorca; tooth; 376, pl. 18.)
		1947	Lecointre, G.
x		1949	Colom & Bauzá (Mallorca; teeth; 91-92, pl. 7.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 439, 441.)
x		1952	Hooijer, D.A. (syn. of M. medium; 113-114.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (comp. w/ Thalattosiren; m111, m113.)
x		1956	Bataller, J.R. ("Metaxitherium cuvieri"; Mioc., Spain; skull; 24-25, pls. 6-8.)
x		1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 67, 69, 72.)
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium spp., 68; history of name, 70; comp. w/ M. calvertense, 73-74, 78-80, 83-86.)
		1970	Ginsburg & Janvier (France)
x		1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (syn. of M. medium; 182-183.)
		1974	Albetrecht, R. (skeleton displayed, Angers)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. forestii; 44-45.)
x		1977	Hooijer, D.A. (syn. of M. medium; 3.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of M. medium; m12, 14.)
x		1982c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of M. medium; m29.)
x		1987	Bajpai et al. (comp. w/ M. kachchhense; 22-23.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of M. medium; 206-208, 210, 230.)
x		1997a	Carone, G. (Italy; m4.)
		2004	Marcopoulou-Diacantoni & Logos ("M. cuvieri"; Crete; Late Miocene)
x		2004	Athanassiou, A. (Mioc., Crete; 2.)

Metaxytherium de Christol, 1840 ( 85 )
		*	1840	Christol, J. de (n.gen.)
			1840	Serres, M. de
			1841a	Christol, J. de
			1841b	Christol, J. de
x			1846	Gervais, F.L.P. (France; m264.)
x			1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (syn. of Halitherium; 206-211, 220-221.)
x			1847	Meyer, H.v. (Otmarsingen, Switzerland; humerus; 189.)
x			1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 92.)
x			1875a	Owen, R. ("Metaxitherium"; m102, m104.)
x			1886b	Hartlaub, C. ("Metaxitherium"; m376.)
x	D		1888	Marsh, O.C. ("Metataxytherium"; thought related to Desmostylus; m96.)
x			1888	Neviani, A. (Mioc., Italy; 68-69.)
x			1889b	Dollo, L. (comp. w/ Miosiren; 416, 418-419, 421.)
x			1892	Lydekker, R. (syn. of Halitherium; 78.)
x			1893	Howes & Harrison (vertebral epiphyses; m790.)
x			1902c	Abel, O. (Mioc.; Vienna Basin, Austria; m1176.)
x			1902a	Osborn, H.F. (m714.)
		*	1904a	Abel, O.
x			1904	Freund, L. (carpus, comp. w/ DD, etc.; m394.)
x			1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (pelvis; m3, m6-8.)
			1905a	Abel, O.
x			1906	Abel, O. (dentition; 51-52.)
x			1906	True, F.W. (?Metaxytherium; Maryland; 835.)
x			1914	Depéret, C. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium serresi; 1858-1859.)
x			1922	Roman, F. (Early Mioc., France; 231-232.)
x			1927	Hopwood, A.T. (Sicily; skeleton in British Museum; 18-19.)
x			1928	Prater, S.H. (m98.)
x			1929	Birulia, A.A. ("Metaxitherium"; pelvis, comp. w/ HG; m88-89.)
			1931	Glaessner, M.F.
x		*	1932a	Simpson, G.G. (review; 421-469-474-488, 495-499.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 152, 154-155, pl. 6.)
x			1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (history of name, 102-105; "new species" described but not named, 106-113.)
x			1943	Kaltenmark, J. ("Metaxytherium nov. spec."; 15-16, 22-24.)
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Halianassa; 135.)
x			1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 438-441.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m209-210.)
x			1952	Cañigueral, J. (Mioc., Mallorca; 387-390.)
x			1952a	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (comp. w/ Indosiren; 611.)
x			1957	Kellogg & Whitmore (Maryland; paleoecology; 1022.)
x		*	1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium, 68; comp. w/ Halianassa, 69; review, 70-71.)
			1969	Calzada, S. (Mioc., Spain)
x			1970	Shikama & Domning (name preferred over Halianassa; 395.)
x			1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (priority of name; 183-184.)
x			1972	Barnes, L.G. (Mioc., California; 142.)
x			1973	Tekkaya, I. ("Halitherium (Metaxytherium) sp."; Upper Mioc. or Lower Plioc., Turkey; m118.)
x			1977	Savage & Tewari (Mioc., India; 216-218.)
x			1977	Tewari et al. ("M. sp."; Late Olig., India; 46A-49A, pl. 1.)
x			1977	Whitmore & Gard (comp. w/ HG; 9, 11-12, 16-17.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 576-579.)
x			1979	Boaz et al. (Plioc., Libya; 137-139.)
x			1980	Sanders, A.E. (Olig., South Carolina; tooth; 612.)
x			1981	Webb et al. (Late Mioc., Love Bone Bed, Florida; 517, 521, 535.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ Eoc. sirs.; 18, 30, 39.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr., 378-380; pelvis, 392.)
x			1983	Morgan & Pratt (Mioc., Florida; 4, 16-25.)
			1984	Dophin, Y.
x		*	1987	Domning & Thomas (senior syn. of Felsinotherium, 207; descent from Halitherium, 207-208, 223-227.)
x			1987a	Domning, D.P. (in ancestry of HG; pop. acc.; 64, 66, 68.)
x			1987b	Domning, D.P. (priority over Halianassa; 123.)
			1988b	Pilleri, G. (Mioc., Spain; pathology)
x			1988	Roetzel, R. (Early Mioc., Austria; 402.)
			1988?	Ober & Hudson (DD; Torres Strait; teaching kit)
x			1989b	Domning, D.P. (Mioc., Suwannee R., Florida & Georgia; 56-59.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Xenosiren yucateca; 432, 435-436.)
x			1989	Geraads, D. (Late Mioc., Tunisia; 781, pl. 2.)
x			1989	Morgan, G.S. (Mioc., Suwannee R., Florida & Georgia; 29, 32-33, 37-39, 43, 46, 50.)
x			1990a	Domning, D.P. (rhizivory experiments with model tusks; 35-36.)
x			1990b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Corystosiren varguezi; 363.)
x			1991	Czyzewska & Radwanski ("Thalattosiren (= Metaxytherium)"; Middle Mioc., Poland; 184-185, 188.)
x			1991	Toledo & Domning (cf. Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Brazil; 120-121, 133-134, 137, 142.)
x			1994a	Domning, D.P. (Caribbean; pop. acc.; 72-73.)
x			1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (South America; review; 326-327.)
x			1996	Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354.)
x			1997b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Crenatosiren olseni; 397, 409.)
x			1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Mioc., Spain; 23, 57, 61, 171, 175, 227.)
x			1998	Hulbert & Pratt (Chatham Co., Georgia; m415.)
x			2001	Bernal, F. (Upper Mioc., Murcia, Spain; pop. acc.; 3.)
x			2001	Iturralde-V., M.A. ("Methaxytherium? sp."; Mioc.; Dominican Republic; m8.)
			2004	Linares, O.J. (?Metaxytherium; Late Mioc.; Urumaco, Venezuela)
			2006	Gatt, M. (Malta)
			2011	Cione et al. (South America, Mioc.)
			2012	Vélez-Juarbe et al.
			2012	Veléz-J. et al. (Metaxytherium sp.; Late Mioc., Argentina)
			2013	Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology)
x			2020	Goes, P. (TS; m60.)

Metaxytherium floridanum Hay, 1922 ( 29 )
x	v	*	1915	Matson, G.C. ("manatee"; Bone Valley, Florida; first illustration of holotype; pl. 12.)
x		*	1922a	Hay, O.P. (n.sp.; "Olig." [actually Mioc.], Bone Valley, Florida; 1-4, pl. 1.)
x		*	1923a	Allen, G.M. (Bone Valley, Florida; additional material; 232-239, pl. 26.)
x			1925	Kellogg, R. (m59; comp. w/ M. jordani, 67-68.)
x			1926	Allen, G.M. (comp. w/ M. manigaulti; 459.)
x		*	1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs., 421, 467; referred to Felsinotherium, 446-447, 496.)
x	v		1959	Kellogg, R. ("manatee"; Bone Valley, Florida; m6.)
x			1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 66.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ M. calvertense; 79.)
x			1971	Reinhart, R.H. (m8.)
x			1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45-46.)
			1976	Reinhart, R.H.
x	v		1982b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren, 602; tooth wear, 614.)
x			1983	Morgan & Pratt (Bone Valley, Florida; 19, 24-25.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (comp. w/ M. calvertense; 192, 205-206.)
x			1987	Bajpai et al. (comp. w/ M. kachchhense; 22-23.)
x			1987	Domning & Thomas (comp. w/ M. serresii; 213.)
x		*	1988	Domning, D.P. (revision; 395-426.)
x			1989b	Domning, D.P. (m56.)
x			1989c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Dioplotherium manigaulti; 420.)
x			1990	MacPhee & Wyss (comp. w/ M. cf. calvertense; 25.)
x			1992	Hulbert, R.C., Jr. (Florida; in checklist; 29.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren magdalenensis; 388-390.)
x			1997b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Crenatosiren olseni; 401.)
x			1999	Renz, M. (Polk County, Florida; Middle Mioc.; 57-66.)
x			2003	Bianucci & Landini (comp. w/M. medium; 568.)
x			2005	Reed et al. (dugongid bones (M. floridanum?) on submerged terrace in Straits of Florida; 275, 281, 287.)
x			2006	Pledge, N.S. (comp. w/ "Dugonginae incertae sedis", Early Plioc., South Australia; 298-299, 301.)
		*	2018	Domning, D.P. (M. cf. floridanum; Mioc.; Maryland, Virginia; 250-254, 258-259.)

Metaxytherium forestii (Capellini, 1872) Fondi and Pacini, 1974 ( 8 )
x	*	1974	Fondi & Pacini (n.comb.; Plioc., Italy; 37-53, pls. 43-46.)
x		1982c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. serresii; 29-31.)
x		1985a	Domning, D.P. (biochronological utility; 183.)
x		1987	Canocchi, D. (comp. w/ M. gervaisi & M. serresii; 499-508.)
x	*	1987	Domning & Thomas (phylogeny; comp. w/ M. serresii; 208-209, 211-217, 220-230.)
	*	1988a	Pilleri, G. (synonymized with M. subapenninum)
x		1997b	Carone, G. (comp. w/ M. medium; 98.)
x		2006	Pledge, N.S. (comp. w/ "Dugonginae incertae sedis", Early Plioc., South Australia; 296-299, 301.)

Metaxytherium fossile (Holl, 1829) Depéret, 1895 ( 6 )
x	*	1895	Depéret, C. (n.comb., 409; comp. w/ M. krahuletzi, 411-412.)
x		1914	Depéret, C. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium serresi; 1858-1859, 1861.)
x		1919	Gómez Llueca, F. (syn. of M. Cuvieri; 54.)
x		1922	Roman, F. (syn. of M. cuvieri; m232.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 439, 441.)
x		1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Mioc., Spain; m171.)

Metaxytherium gastaldi (de Zigno, 1878) Fondi and Pacini, 1974 ( 2 )
x	*	1974	Fondi & Pacini (n.comb.; comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-47.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of M. forestii; 208, 223.)

Metaxytherium gervaisi (Capellini, 1872) Fondi and Pacini, 1974 ( 3 )
x	*	1974	Fondi & Pacini (n.comb.; comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-46.)
x	*	1987	Canocchi, D. (Early Plioc., Italy; 497-513.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of M. forestii; 208.)

Metaxytherium guettardi (de Blainville, 1844) Laurillard, 1846 ( 4 )
	*	1846	Laurillard, C.L. (n.comb.)
x		1889	Lefèvre, T. (Olig., Belgium; 199.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (supposedly "new" combination; 113.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 22-23.)

Metaxytherium jordani Kellogg, 1925 ( 17 )
x	*	1925	Kellogg, R. (n.sp.; Late Mioc., California; 59-70, pls. 9-11.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m422, 454, 488, 496.)
x		1941a	VanderHoof, V.L. (?syn. of M. petersi; m1985.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ M. calvertense, 84; comp. w/ Rytiodus, 92.)
x		1970	Shikama & Domning (comp. w/ Japanese Plioc. Hydrodamalis sp.; 390, 393, 395.)
x		1971a	Domning, D.P. (m110.)
x		1971b	Domning, D.P. (evolution; 217-220.)
x		1972a	Domning, D.P. (evolution & distr.; 147-149.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45.)
x		1975	Domning & Frye (pathology; 1-3, pl. 1.)
x		1977b	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & role in North Pacific paleoecology; 354, 356-358, 360.)
x		1977	Whitmore & Gard (m3.)
x	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (referred to Dusisiren; 2, 21.)
x		1980	Kurtén & Anderson (m341.)
x		1981	Clark, J.C. (Late Mioc., Santa Cruz, Calif.; 34.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-379.)
x		1987a	Domning, D.P. (m66.)

Metaxytherium kachchhense Bajpai, Singh, and Singh, 1987 ( 3 )
x	*	1987	Bajpai et al. ("M. kachchhensis"; n.sp.; Early Mioc., India; 20-25.)
x		1996a	Domning, D.P. (spelling emended to M. kachchhense; 386.)
x	*	1997	Bajpai & Domning (made the basis of Bharatisiren, n.gen.; 219.)

Metaxytherium krahuletzi Depéret, 1895 ( 45 )
x	v		1868	Fuchs, T. ("Halitherium"; Early Mioc., Austria; 591.)
x		*	1895	Depéret, C. (n.sp.; Early Mioc., Austria; 408-412, 415, pl. 2.)
		*	1904a	Abel, O.
x			1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (pelvis; m1.)
x			1914	Depéret, C. (phyletic position; m1861.)
x			1922a	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ M. floridanum; 3.)
x			1923a	Allen, G.M. (humerus, comp. w/ M. floridanum; 233, 235.)
x			1925	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ M. jordani; 67-68.)
x			1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 409, 414; not a syn. of M. studeri, 428.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 451, 453, 458, 468, 475, 478.)
x	v		1936	Resch, R. ("Seekuh"; Early Mioc., Austria; m26, m28.)
x			1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 20-21.)
x			1944	Zbyszewski, G. (humerus, comp. w/ M. petersi; m72.)
x			1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 439, 441.)
x			1952	Thenius, E. (comp. w/ Thalattosiren; m111-113.)
x			1953	Zapfe, H. (Early Mioc., Austria; 14.)
x			1955	Bernhauser, A. (Early Mioc., Austria; bone histology; 168-169, 172, 185.)
x			1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 68-69.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (m69; comp. w/ M. calvertense, 83.)
x		*	1971	Daxner-Höck, G. (Early Mioc., Eggenburg region, Austria; 764-765, pls. 3-4.)
x			1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. cuvieri; 45.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 12, 14, 29, 73-74.)
x			1985a	Domning, D.P. (biochronological utility; 183.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (comp. w/ M. calvertense; 205-206, 210-211.)
			1986	Pervesler & Steininger
x			1986	Rothausen, K. (comp. w/ ?Halitherium; 529.)
x			1987	Bajpai et al. (comp. w/ M. kachchhense; 22-23.)
x		*	1987	Domning & Thomas (phylogeny; comp. w/ M. serresii; 207-208, 220-227, 229.)
x			1987b	Domning, D.P. (?syn. of Halianassa studeri of Studer; 123.)
x			1988	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. floridanum; 400, 415, 417.)
			1990	Stojaspal, F. (Early Mioc., Austria)
x			1991a	Pervesler & Roetzel (Mioc., Eggenburg region, Austria; pop. acc.; 97-101.)
x			1991b	Pervesler & Roetzel (Early Mioc., Austria; paleoecology & taphonomy; 156-157.)
			1995	Pervesler et al. (taphonomy)
			1996	Pervesler et al. (taphonomy)
x			1996	Pervesler, P. (construction of museum display; 75-80.)
x			1997c	Domning, D.P. (biostratigraphic utility; 178-179.)
x			1998	Pervesler et al. (Early Mioc., Austria; paleoecology & taphonomy; 87-103.)
x			2000	Pervesler et al. (Early Mioc., Austria; paleoecology & taphonomy; 213-215.)
		*	2001	Domning & Pervesler (osteology, distr., relationships; 1-89.)
			2005	Herkner, B. (display of skeleton, Frankfurt)
x			2006?	Kriznar, Matija (M. ?krahuletzi; Slovenia; 26.)
			2008	Sorbi, S. (M. cf. krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; France)
		*	2019	Samonds et al. (M. cf. krahuletzi; Mioc., Madagascar)
			2020	Carone & Rizzo (M. cf. krahuletzi; Sardinia; early Mioc.)

Metaxytherium krahuletzi excelsum Pilleri, 1987 ( 2 )
	*	1987	Pilleri, G. (new subspecies; 16.)
x	*	1996a	Domning, D.P. (syn. of M. krahuletzi; 386.)

Metaxytherium lovisati Capellini, 1886 ( 9 )
	*	1886a	Capellini, G. (n.sp.)
x		1887	Flot, L. (syn. of Halitherium fossile; 137.)
x		1895	Depéret, C. (m409.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (vertebrae, comp. w/ M. floridanum; 235-236.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 464.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (?syn. of M. medium; 208.)
x		1997a	Carone, G. (Italy; m4.)
		2020	Carone & Rizzo (Sardinia; early Mioc.; nomen dubium)

Metaxytherium manigaulti (Cope, 1883) Allen, 1926 ( 7 )
x	v	*	1925	Kellogg, R. (referral to Metaxytherium proposed but new combination not used; 59.)
x		*	1926	Allen, G.M. (n.comb.; review; 458-459, pls. 2-3.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (history of study; 421, 445.)
x		*	1966	Kellogg, R. (review; 92.)
x			1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-46.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Dioplotherium manigaulti; m11.)
x			1989c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Dioplotherium manigaulti; 415-417.)

Metaxytherium medium (Desmarest, 1822) Hooijer, 1952 ( 34 )
x		1886	Hauer, F.v. ("Halitherium" [=Metaxytherium medium]; Middle Mioc., Ottakring, Austria; 27-28.)
x	*	1952	Hooijer, D.A. ("M. medius", n.comb.; 114.)
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (review, 70; comp. w/ M. calvertense, 78-80, 84-86.)
x	*	1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (Middle Mioc., France; 161, 182-191.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45.)
		1975	Ginsburg & Janvier (Mioc., Touraine & Anjou, France)
x	*	1977	Hooijer, D.A. ("M. cf. medium"; Mioc., Netherlands; 1-25.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 7, 12-14.)
x		1979	Ginsburg et al. (Middle Mioc., Doué, France; 224, 226.)
		1979	Telles-Antunes, M. (Portugal)
x		1982c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. serresii; 29-31.)
x		1982	Hooijer, D.A. (comp. w/ rib from Netherlands; 261.)
x		1985a	Domning, D.P. (biochronological utility; 183.)
x		1985	Muizon & Domning (phyletic position; 211.)
x	*	1987	Domning & Thomas (phylogeny; comp. w/ M. serresii; 206-209, 212-218, 220-230.)
		1987	Moncharmont Zei & Moncharmont (Italy)
		1988	Vazzana, A. (Calabria, Italy; Mioc.)
x		1988	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. floridanum; 400, 403, 411, 413-415, 417-418.)
x		1989	Geraads, D. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp. from Tunisia; 781, 791.)
x		1997a	Carone, G. (Late Mioc., Italy; 2-10.)
x		1997b	Carone, G. (Late Mioc., Italy; 91-100.)
x		2000	Bagnato et al. (Late Mioc., Italy; 4-10.)
x		2000	Lardeux, H. ("Metaxytherium"; Middle Mioc., France; skeleton at Angers; 78-79.)
x		2000	Plusquellec & Racheboeuf (Middle Mioc., France; 32-36.)
x		2001	Sach & Heizmann (Metaxytherium cf. medium; Early Mioc., Germany; 11, 15, 23, 42-43, 52, 72, pl. 7.)
x		2001	Carone, G. (Late Mioc., Italy; 34, 36.)
x		2003	Bianucci & Landini (Late Mioc., Italy; 567-573.)
x		2006	Pledge, N.S. (comp. w/ "Dugonginae incertae sedis", Early Plioc., South Australia; 296, 298-299, 301.)
		2006	Estevens, M. (Mioc., Portugal)
x		2008	Inan et al. (Middle Mioc., Turkey; 1-7.)
		2009	Rateau et al. (Mioc., Channay-sur-Lathan, France.)
	*	2013	Domning & Pervesler (Middle Mioc., Central Europe)
x		2017	Marra et al. (Upper Mioc., Calabria, Italy; 387, 390.)
		2021	Feichtinger et al. (M. cf. medium; middle Mioc., Styria, Austria; predation by tiger shark (Galeocerdo))

Metaxytherium meyeri Abel, 1904 ( 5 )
	*	1904a	Abel, O.
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m475.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (m113.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (considered nomen dubium; 207-208.)

Metaxytherium ortegense Kellogg, 1966 ( 7 )
x	*	1966	Kellogg, R. (n.sp.; Mioc., Colombia; 92-94, pl. 36.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45-46.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Dusisiren; 43, 74.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren; 602, 612.)
x		1985	Muizon & Domning (comp. w/ M. calvertense; 205.)
x		1990b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Corystosiren varguezi; 370.)
x	*	1997a	Domning, D.P. (synonymized w/ Potamosiren magdalenensis; 383, 385-386, 388-391.)

Metaxytherium ossivallense (Simpson, 1932) Reinhart, 1971 ( 6 )
x	*	1971	Reinhart, R.H. ("M. ossivalense"; n.comb.; m8.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m45-46.)
		1976	Reinhart, R.H.
x		1985	Muizon & Domning (syn. of M. floridanum; m205.)
x		1987	Bajpai et al. (comp. w/ M. kachchhense; 22-23.)
x	*	1988	Domning, D.P. (synonymized with M. floridanum; 399-401, 416, 421.)

Metaxytherium pergense Toula, 1899 ( 2 )
	*	1899	Toula, F. (n.sp.)
x		1973	Spillmann, F. (syn. of Halitherium pergense; 197-200.)

Metaxytherium petersi Abel, 1904 ( 19 )
	*	1904a	Abel, O. (n.sp.)
x		1904a	Lorenz, L.v. (pelvis; m1.)
x		1917	Schréter, Z. (Mioc., Hungary; 176-177.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (m233.)
x		1926	Allen, G.M. (comp. w/ M. manigaulti; m459.)
	*	1928	Sickenberg, O. (referred to Thalattosiren)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 414.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m443.)
		1934	Pia & Sickenberg
		1938	Suklje, F.
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (Hungary; m146.)
x		1941a	VanderHoof, V.L. (Late Mioc., Santa Cruz, California [erroneous record]; 1984-1985.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (m23.)
x		1944	Zbyszewski, G. ("Metaxitherium Petersi"; Mioc., Portugal; 69-72.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 439, 441.)
x		1952	Thenius, E. (syn. of Thalattosiren petersi; 32, 109.)
x		1977	Hooijer, D.A. (comp. w/ M. cf. medium; 2, 4, 12.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (supposed California specimen referred to Dusisiren jordani; 21.)
	*	2013	Domning & Pervesler (syn. of M. medium; Middle Mioc., Central Europe)

Metaxytherium riveroi Varona, 1972 ( 7 )
x	*	1972	Varona, L.S. (n.sp.; Middle Mioc., Cuba; 6-19.)
x		1974	Domning, D.P. (m8.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 14, 74.)
x		1985	Muizon & Domning (comp. w/ M. calvertense; 205.)
x		1990	MacPhee & Wyss (syn. of M. calvertense; 24-25.)
x	*	1996a	Domning, D.P. (syn. of M. crataegense; 386.)
		2011	Álvarez A., A. (Cuba; syn. of M. crataegense)

Metaxytherium serresii (Gervais, 1849) Depéret, 1895 ( 22 )
x		*	1895	Depéret, C. (n.comb., 409; comp. w/ M. krahuletzi, 411-412.)
x			1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m103.)
x			1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-47.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (occurrence in Africa; 577.)
x	v		1982	Boaz & Cramer (Plioc., Libya; pop. acc.; 37, 40-41.)
x			1982c	Domning, D.P. (Plioc., Libya; 29-32.)
x			1985a	Domning, D.P. (biochronological utility; 183.)
x			1987	Canocchi, D. (comp. w/ M. gervaisi & M. forestii; 499, 505-508.)
x		*	1987	Domning & Thomas (Plioc., Libya & France; morphology, systematics, phylogeny, & paleoecology; 205-232.)
			1987	Pilleri, G.
x			1988	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ M. floridanum; m411.)
			1988c	Pilleri, G.
x			1989	Geraads, D. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp. from Tunisia; 781, 791.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren magdalenensis; m389.)
			1999	Sendra et al. (Plioc.; Spain)
x			2006	Pledge, N.S. (comp. w/ "Dugonginae incertae sedis", Early Plioc., South Australia; 297-299, 301.)
		*	2007	Carone & Domning (Late Mioc., Calabria, Italy; paleoecology)
			2008	Gramigna et al. (Cessaniti, Calabria, Italy)
			2011	Guido et al. (Late Mioc., Cessaniti, Italy; micromorphology, geochemistry, & diagenesis of ribs)
			2013	Carone & Marra (Mioc., Italy)
		*	2013	Carone et al. (Late Mioc., Calabria, Italy)
x			2017	Marra et al. (Upper Mioc.; Calabria, Italy; 381, 387-388, 390.)

Metaxytherium studeri (von Meyer, 1838) Depéret, 1895 ( 4 )
x	*	1895	Depéret, C. (n.comb.; 409.)
		1904a	Abel, O.
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (suppression of replacement premolars; distinctness from M. krahuletzi; 428.)
		1987	Pilleri, G.

Metaxytherium subapenninum (Bruno, 1839) Fondi and Pacini, 1974 ( 9 )
x	*	1974	Fondi & Pacini (n.comb.; m44-46.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (considered nomen dubium; 208-209.)
	*	1988a	Pilleri, G.
		2007	Sorbi & Vaiani (Metaxytherium cf. subapenninum; Early Plioc.; Italy)
	*	2012	Sorbi et al. (Plioc., Italy & Spain)
		2012	Tinelli et al. (Plioc., Italy; ground-penetrating radar)
x		2018	Dominici et al. (Plioc., Italy, taphonomy, 7-8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24.)
x		2019	Bianucci et al. (lower Pliocene, Italy; 2, 6-8.)
	*	2022	Pandolfi et al. (M. cf. subapenninum; tusk; Late Mioc.; Montebamboli, Italy)

Metaxytherium vanderhoofi (Reinhart, 1959) Shikama and Domning, 1970 ( 4 )
x	*	1970	Shikama & Domning (n.comb.; 395.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (comp. w/ M. forestii; 45-46.)
x	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (synonymized with Dusisiren jordani; 21.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-379.)

Mexico ( 96 )
(SEE ALSO: Baja California; Central America)
			1566	SEE Landa, D. de, 1941.
			1588	SEE Noyes, E., 1932.
			1859	Beltran, P. (TMM; Yucatan; hunting)
x			1882	Sumichrast, F. (TMM; 213.)
x			1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (TMM; Tabasco; 356-358.)
			1887	Shufeldt, R.W. (TMM; Coatzacoalcos R.)
			1903	Benavente, T. de (TMM; Veracruz, 16th century)
			1917	Gaumer, G.F. (TMM; Yucatan; in caves)
x			1920	Goldman, E.A. (TMM; Bay of Campeche; 69.)
x			1932	Müllerried, F.K.G. (indeterminate sir.; Olig., Chiapas; 71-73.)
			1932	Noyes, E. (TMM; Yucatan)
x			1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (TMM; Tampico; trematode Schizamphistoma manati; 163, 167.)
x		*	1941a	Gunter, G. ("TML"; 61, 64.)
x			1941b	Gunter, G. ("TML"; 12-13.)
x		*	1941	Landa, D. de (TMM; Yucatan; hunting, 16th century; 190-191.)
			1950a	Durand, J.
x			1953	Maldonado-Koerdell, M. (indeterminate sir.; Olig., Chiapas; 146-148.)
x			1957	Pollock & Ray (Mayapan; carved manatee rib; 644, 653.)
			1958	Ingles, L.G.
			1962	Proskouriakoff, T. (TMM; Yucatan)
x			1963	Alvarez, T. ("TML"; "probably extirpated" from Tamaulipas; 465.)
			1963	Hall & Dalquest
			1964	Wauchope, R. (TMM; Yucatan)
			1965	Jones & Lawlor (TMM; Cozumel)
x		*	1965	Lluch B., D. (TMM; natural history; 408-419.)
			1970	Philip & Fisher
			1971	Lange, F.W.
			1975	Genoways & Jones (TMM; Yucatan)
			1975	Wing, E.S. (TMM; Quintana Roo)
			1977	Wing, E.S. (TMM; Veracruz)
x			1978	Campbell & Gicca (TMM; status & distr.; 257-264.)
x			1981	Villa-R. & Colmenero-R. (TMM; southeastern Mexico; status survey; 703-707.)
x			1982	Wing & Reitz (TMM; Yucatan, Veracruz; at archeological sites; 16, 24.)
			1983	Gallo R., J.P. (TMM)
x			1984	Colmenero-R., L.C. (TMM; status & distr.; 243-254.)
x		*	1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; distr., status, ecology, conservation; 955-1020.)
x			1986	Colmenero-R., L. (TMM; Tabasco; diet, seasonal movements, & seasonal breeding; 589-602.)
			1989b	Colmenero-R., L.C. (TMM; Quintana Roo; 1-24.)
x		*	1989d	Domning, D.P. (Xenosiren yucateca, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc. or Plioc., Yucatan; 429-430.)
x			1989	Lazcano-B. & Packard (TMM; Tamaulipas; 202-205.)
x			1989	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 579-580, 605.)
			1990	Colmenero-R. & Zárate (TMM; Quintana Roo)
x		*	1990b	Domning, D.P. (Corystosiren varguezi, n.gen.n.sp.; Plioc., Yucatan; 361-362.)
			1991	Colmenero-R., L.C. (TMM; recovery plan)
			1991	Morales & Olivera (TMM; Quintana Roo)
			1992	Morales & Olivera (TMM; gen. acc.)
x	D		1993	Perrilliat, M. (Xenosiren yucateca & Cornwallius sookensis; in catalog of type specimens; 39-40.)
			1993	Zárate B., E. (TMM; Quintana Roo)
			1994	Morales-V. & Olivera-G. (TMM; Bahia de Chetumal)
			1997	Morales & Olivera (TMM; Quintana Roo)
x			1997	Romeu, E. (TMM; gen. acc.; 2-6.)
	D	*	1998	Barnes, L.G. (sequence of fossil assemblages)
x			1998	Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo; habitat use; 791-803.)
			2000	Morales & Olivera (TMM; Chetumal Bay)
			2001	Morales-V. & Padilla-S. (TMM; Quintana Roo)
		*	2001b	Anon. (TMM; conservation)
			2002	Olivera-G. & Mellink (TMM; Bahia de Chetumal)
			2002	Olivera & Mellink (TMM; Chetumal Bay; 285-293.)
	D	*	2002	Barnes, L.G. (evolutionary history of marine mammals)
			2003	Morales et al. (TM; Yucatan Peninsula; status; 42-49.)
			2003	Garcia-Rios & Gold-Bouchot (Bahia de Chetumal; trace metals)
			2005	Olivera-G. & Mellink (TMM; Bahia de Chetumal)
			2007	Serrano et al. (TM; Veracruz)
			2008	Rodas-Trejo et al. (TMM; Chiapas)
			2008	Mercadillo-Elguero et al. (TMM; Quintana Roo; in semi-captivity; ethogram, rehabilitation)
			2009	Gonzalez-S. et al. (TMM; detection by side-scan sonar)
			2009b	Castelblanco-M. et al. (TMM; Chetumal Bay; diet)
			2010	Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt.; activities & social interactions)
x			2010	Suárez-M. et al. (TMM; Quintana Roo; copepod Balaenophilus manatorum; 847-859.)
			2011	Ardisson et al. (Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System)
			2011	Nourisson et al. (TMM; genetic diversity)
			2012	Daniel-Rentería et al. (TMM; Alvarado Lagoon System, Veracruz)
			2012	Alvarado-Esquivel et al. (TMM; in capt.; Toxoplasma gondii)
			2012	Morales-Serna et al. (TMM; parasitic copepods)
			2012	Castelblanco-M., Padilla-S., et al. (TMM; Chetumal Bay; movement patterns, habitat use)
			2012	Vélez-Juarbe et al. (multispecies fossil sir. community)
			2012	Moraes-Arraut et al. (Habitat assessment)
			2012	Castelblanco-M. et al. (TMM; Chetumal Bay; feeding ecology)
			2012	Castelblanco-M., Morales-V., & Padilla-S. (TMM; craniometrical predictors of body size)
		*	2013	Pozo-Montuy, G. (TM; conservation)
			2014	Montserrat Landero et al. (TMM; Bahía de la Ascensión)
			2014	Jimenez-D. & Olivera-G. (TMM; Usumacinta River; habitat characteristics)
			2015	Niño-Torres et al. (TMM; Mexican Caribbean region)
			2016	Romero-Calderon et al. (TMM; metals in bone tissue)
			2016	Puc-Carrasco et al. (TMM; Tabasco)
			2017	Serrano et al. (TM; Veracruz, Mexico)
			2018	Gomez et al. (TMM; genetics)
			2019	Gonzalez-Socoloske & Olivera-Gómez (TMM; Tabasco; food choice)
			2019	Guevara et al. (TMM)
			2019	Guevara Porras et al. (TMM; Campeche; conservation)
			2020	Hénaut et al. (TMM; in capt.; feeding behavior; learning capacities & welfare)
			2020	Corona-Figueroa et al. (TMM; Hondo River, Belize & Mexico; habitat use)
			2020	Robles-Herrejón et al. (TMM; Yucatan Peninsula; management effectiveness)
			2020	Ortega-Argueta & Castelblanco-Martínez (TMM; captive breeding & conservation)
		*	2021a	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TML; travel to Mexican Caribbean)
			????	Contreras Fleury et al. (TM; conservation status)

Migration and Movements ( 134 )
(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Aggregative; Behavior, Shelter-seeking; Locomotion; Temperature, Effects of)
x		1820	Diard & Duvaucel (DD; Singapore; occurrence during northern monsoon; 160.)
x		1857	Shaw, N. (TS; Benué R.; rainy-season occurrence; 99.)
x		1877	De Pourtales, L.F. (?TM; supposed former migrations between Florida & West Indies; 144.)
x		1882	Sumichrast, F. (TMM; Mexico; ascending rivers during flood season; 213.)
x		1883	Moloney, C.A. (TS; Gold Coast; seasonal movements; 28.)
x		1895	Veríssimo, J. (TI; Brazil; seasonal movements into & out of lakes; 35.)
x		1904	Allen, J.A. (TMM; Colombia; entering rivers at high water; 423.)
x		1915	Seale, A. (DD; Philippines; rainy-season occurrence; m215.)
x		1933	Jobim, A. (TI; Brazil; daily movements in & out of lakes; 142-143.)
x		1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; Puerto Rico & Central America; 216.)
x		1941	Hamilton, W.J., Jr. (TML; Florida; ?seasonal movements; 691.)
x	*	1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; entering black waters, 27, 45, 56; in flooded forests in winter, 51; under floating meadows in summer, 56-57.)
x		1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; Senegal; entering lakes in rainy season, ascending rivers in dry season; 188.)
x		1949	Sanderson, I.T. (TMM; Suriname; rainy-season movements; 781.)
x		1951a	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; seasonal movements; 11-12, 15, 18.)
x	*	1956	Moore, J.C. (TML; Miami, Florida; residence; 7-10, 22.)
x		1964a	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; migration, m117; homing, 119.)
x		1964	Johnson, D.H. (DD; Arnhem Land, Australia; movements with tide; 507.)
x	*	1965	Layne, J.N. (TML; Florida; seasonal migration; 167-168.)
x	*	1965	Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; entering rivers & lakes in rainy season; 411-414.)
x		1966	Funaioli & Simonetta (DD; Somali Republic; rainy-season occurrence; m317.)
x		1966	Jarman, P.J. (DD; Kenya; 84.)
x		1966	Thomas, D. (DD; India; hunted, Nov.-Feb.; young not coming as close inshore as adults; movements during monsoon; 80-81.)
x		1967a	Jones, S. (DD; India; population mixing; 216.)
x		1967	Welsby, T. (DD; Queensland; coastwise movements; 1: 104.)
x		1969	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 350, 353.)
x		1970a	Bertram & Bertram (DD; Sri Lanka; no evidence concerning movements; m54.)
x		1971	Hughes & Oxley-Oxland (DD; Mozambique; rainy-season abundance; 301.)
x		1971	Kingdon, J. (DD; East Africa; seasonal occurrence; 395-397.)
x		1972	Dupuy, A.R. (TS; ascending rivers at flood time; 780.)
x		1972	Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; Australia; no seasonal patterns, 207; individual movements, 211.)
x	*	1974a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; seasonal movements, 8-30, 204-209; movements in search of food, 31-37; in search of fresh water, 37-41; movement patterns described by county, 63-201.)
x		1974	Heinsohn & Spain (DD; Queensland; after cyclone; 151.)
x		1974	Mondolfi, E. (TMM; Venezuela; ascending rivers in rainy season; 12, 14-15.)
x		1976	Heinsohn & Wake (DD; Australia; aerial survey of movements; 17-18.)
x		1976	Ligon, S.H. (DD; Australia; possible movements; 582.)
x		1976	Loveland, F.O. (TMM; Nicaragua; moving between salt & fresh water; 70, 74.)
x		1976	Paz & Ilani (DD; in northern Red Sea only in June & July; 74.)
x		1976	Webb, S.D. (Trichechus; immigration to North America in Plioc.; 221, 223, 226.)
x		1977	Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia; 239-240.)
x		1977	Lovisek, J. (TI; Brazil; entering flooded forest; 64.)
x	*	1978	Anderson & Birtles (DD; Queensland; movements with tide; 8-9, 19.)
x		1978	Anderson & Heinsohn (DD; Australia; 16-20.)
x		1978	Husson, A.M. (TMM; Suriname; possible seasonal movements; 336.)
x	*	1978	Irvine & Campbell (TML; Florida; seasonal movements; 615-616.)
x		1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; travel routes, ?home range, seasonal migrations, open-water travel; 140-141.)
x	*	1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; diurnal & seasonal movements, 17-35, 41-43; exploratory activity, 35-36.)
x		1980	Belitsky & Belitsky (TMM; Dominican Republic; 317.)
x		1981a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; patterns of habitat use; 640-642.)
x		1981	Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; Palau; local movements; 32-33.)
x		1981	Hendrokusumo et al. (DD; Indonesia; seasonal occurrence; 14, 17.)
x		1981	Marsh et al. (DD; Wellesley Islands, Queensland; seasonal movements; 261-264.)
x		1981	Montgomery et al. (TI; Brazil; radiotracking & habitat use; 82-84.)
x		1981	Nietschmann & Nietschmann (DD; Torres Strait; movements with tide; 56-60.)
x		1981a	Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Blue Lagoon, Florida; not affected by tides; 235, 237.)
x		1981	Villa-R. & Colmenero-R. (TMM; Mexico; seasonal occurrence; 703.)
x		1982a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; local movements; 76, 80, 82-83.)
x		1982b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; local movements; 92-93, 96.)
x		1982	Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; movements correlated with tides; 521.)
x		1982	Bengtson, J.L. (TML; St. Johns R., Florida; seasonal movements; 4668.)
x		1982	Rathbun et al. (TML; U.S.A. north of Florida; seasonal movements; 153, 163.)
x		1982	Robineau & Rose (DD; Djibouti; possible daily movements; 236.)
x		1983	Best, R.C. (TI; Brazil; moving between lakes & rivers; 63.)
x		1983	Kinnaird & Valade (TML; Florida; local & long-distance movements; 6, 9, 13-14.)
x		1983a	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; northeastern Florida; seasonal movements; 16-17, 32-34, 44, 47-48.)
x		1983	Kochman et al. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; seasonal & diurnal movements; 92, 108, 114-121.)
x		1983	Rathbun et al. (TMM; Honduras; entering rivers in rainy season; 306.)
x		1983a	Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; seasonal movements; pop. acc.; 40-44.)
x		1983b	Shane, S.H. (TML; Brevard Co., Florida; seasonal movements; 1-9.)
x		1983	Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; 3, 6.)
		1984b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia)
x		1984c	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Queensland; movements with tide; 39-40.)
x		1984	Colmenero-R., L.C. (TMM; Mexico; seasonal movements; 246-249.)
x		1984	Irvine & Scott (TML; Florida; sonic & radio tracking; 19-24.)
x		1984	Nietschmann, B. (DD; Torres Strait; responses to tides & weather; 640.)
x		1984	Powell & Rathbun (TML; northwestern Florida; seasonal movements; 10-25.)
x		1985	Kochman et al. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; seasonal movements; 921-924.)
x	*	1986a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; seasonal movements; 480-489.)
x		1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; seasonal movements; 977, 1007-1008.)
x		1986	Colmenero-R., L. (TMM; Mexico; seasonal movements; 594-595, 597.)
x		1986	Packard & Wetterqvist (TML; northwestern Florida; habitat use; 286-293, 296-299, 302.)
x		1986	Timm et al. (TI; Ecuador; seasonal movements; 151, 155.)
x		1987	Estrada & Ferrer (TMM; abundance in western Cuba not seasonal; 4.)
x		1988a	Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; radiotracking; 11-14.)
x		1988	McClenaghan & O'Shea (TML; Florida; gene flow; 485-486.)
x		1988	O'Shea et al. (TMM; Venezuela; seasonal movements doubtful; 290-291, 297-298.)
x		1988a	O'Shea, T.J. (TML; Florida; seasonal movements; 185-188.)
x		1988	Provancha & Provancha (TML; Banana R., Florida; seasonal movements; 334-335.)
x		1988	Reeves et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; seasonal movements; 78.)
x		1989	Lazcano-B. & Packard (TMM; northern Mexico; ?seasonal north-south movements; m202.)
x		1989	Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; seasonal movements; 83.)
x		1989	Reid & O'Shea (TML; Florida & Georgia; satellite tracking; 220-221, 227, 230.)
x	*	1990	Marsh & Rathbun (DD; Queensland; radio & satellite tracking; 86-98.)
x		1990	Rathbun et al. (TML; northwestern Florida; seasonal & individual movements; 4-33.)
x		1991	Bradley, J.J. (DD; Sir Edward Pellew Islands, Australia; migratory path; 92-93.)
x	*	1991	Reid et al. (TML; Florida; 180-190.)
x		1994	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; seasonal movements; 171-173.)
x		1995b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay; photoidentification & movements; 205-206, 209-210.)
x		1995	De Iongh, Wenno et al. (DD; Lease Islands, Indonesia; satellite tracking; 761.)
x		1995	Reynolds et al. (TMM; Costa Rica; seasonal movements; m194-195.)
x		1996	Reid, J.P. (TML; Florida to Rhode Island; 13.)
x		1997	Reid, J.P. (TMM; Puerto Rico; radiotracking; 22-23.)
x		1998	Deutsch et al. (TM; radio-tracking; 20, 24-26.)
x		1998	Grubb et al. (TS; Sierra Leone; seasonal movements; 138.)
x		1998	Preen, A.R. (DD; scale of occasional movement on order of 200 km; m176.)
	*	2001	Weigle et al. (TML; west coast of Florida, 1991-96; 1-156.)
		2003	Deutsch et al. (TML; movements & site fidelity along Atlantic coast of USA)
	*	2003	Deutsch et al. (TML; Atlantic coast of USA; migration & site fidelity)
		2003	Deutsch et al. (TML; U.S. Atlantic coast)
		2004	Marsh et al. (DD; Torres Strait, Australia)
	*	2004	Gales et al. (DD; Western Australia)
		2005	Flamm et al. (TML; movement corridors; telemetry)
		2006	Sheppard et al. (DD; movement heterogeneity)
		2006	Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; effects of hurricanes)
	*	2007	Hobbs et al. (DD; Cocos (Keeling) Islands)
		2008	Whiting, S.D. (DD; Northern Territory, Australia)
		2010	Calvimontes & Marmontel (TI; Brazil; ethnobiology)
	*	2010	Alvarez-A. et al. (TML; Cuba)
	*	2010	Arraut et al. (TI; western Amazon, Brazil; seasonal migrations)
		2011	Hodgson, A.J. (DD; Arabian Gulf, Aldabra, Seychelles, Comoros; 250-251.)
	*	2012	Castelblanco-M., Padilla-S., et al. (TMM; Chetumal Bay, Mexico & Belize; movement patterns, habitat use)
		2012	Marmontel, Reid, et al. (tagging techniques & movement of sirs.)
		2012	Moraes-Arraut et al. (TI; habitat assessment; seasonal migrations)
		2012	Rappucci et al. (TML; Port Everglades, Florida; tidal cycle effects)
x		2013	Friedman-Rudovsky, J. (TM; Cuba & Florida; m447.)
		2017	Arraut et al. (TI; Brazil; migration routes & hydroelectric dams)
		2017	Haase et al. (TML; Florida; movements & habitat use; satellite telemetry)
	*	2018b	Alvarez-Alemán et al. (TML; traveling between Florida and Cuba)
		2019	Littles et al. (TML; Florida; movements in and out of winter refuge)
	*	2019	Crema et al. (TI; Brazil; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types)
	*	2020	Haase et al. (TML; Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints)
		2021	Cloyed et al. (TM; Gulf of Mexico)
		2021	Keith-Diagne et al. (TS; Senegal River; movement patterns; satellite tracking)
	*	2021a	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TML; Florida to Mexican Caribbean)

Milk ( 25 )
(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Epimeletic; Behavior, Ingestive)
x		1763	Bellin, S. (TMM; Guianas; milk "extremely thick"; m66.)
x		1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; mammary gland; 188-189.)
x		1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; mammary gland & milk; 189.)
x		1906	Annandale, N. (DD; milk secretion; m240.)
x		1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; fat of mother whiter during lactation; 60.)
x		1972	Heinsohn, G.E. (DD; milk found in calf's stomach; 210.)
x	*	1979	Bachman & Irvine (TML; milk composition; 873-878.)
x		1981	Asper & Searles (TML; artificial formula; 126-127.)
x		1981	Best, R.C. (review of natural milk & artificial formulas; 18, 21.)
x		1981	Cardeilhac et al. (TML; artificial formula; 141-146.)
x		1981	Elliott et al. (DD; artificial formula; 204.)
x		1981	Zeiller, W. (TML; artificial formula; 105-106.)
x	*	1982	Best, Ribeiro et al. (TI; artificial formula; 263-267.)
x		1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (DD; lactation; 746-747, 764.)
x		1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; lactation; 773, 776, 783.)
x		1985	Mühling, P. (TMM; artificial formula; 12.)
x	*	1986a	Pervaiz & Brew (TML; whey proteins; 846-854.)
x	*	1986b	Pervaiz & Brew (TML; milk composition; 357-360.)
x		1987	Colares et al. (TI; artificial formulas; 40-41.)
x		1990	Colares et al. (TI; artificial formula; 44.)
		1990	Spotte, S. (TML; artificial formula)
		1999	Rodriguez et al. (TI; artificial milk formula)
		2000	Vergara et al. (TMM, Brazil)
	*	2019	Crema et al. (TI; Brazil; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types)
	*	2020	Maduro et al. (TI, in capt.; fed with mothers' milk; metabolism)

Miocene ( 300 )
x			1835	Jäger, G.F. (indeterminate sir.; Germany; 3-4, pl. 9.)
x			1837	Meyer, H.v. (Manatus Studeri, nomen nudum; Switzerland; 677.)
			1839	Rigg, J. (Java)
x			1856b	Leidy, J. (Manatus antiquus, n.sp.; New Jersey, Virginia, South Carolina; 165.)
x			1861	Nordmann, A.v. (Manatus maeoticus; Bessarabia; 581-582, pl. 11.)
x			1866	Adams, A.L. (Halitherium; Malta; 595.)
x			1866	Lartet, E. (Rytiodus, France, 673-674; other sirs. of Garonne Basin, 683-684.)
x			1867	Peters, K.F. (Halitherium Cordieri; Austria; 309-314, pl. 7.)
x			1867	Stache, G. ("Halitherium" or "Halianassa"; Hainburg, Austria; 141-144.)
x			1868	Fuchs, T. ("Halitherium" [= Metaxytherium krahuletzi]; Early Mioc., Austria; 591.)
x			1870	Delfortrie, E. (Halitherium; France; bones scarred by fish teeth; 261.)
x			1871	Farge, E. (Halitherium; Middle Mioc., France; 265-268.)
x			1872	Farge, E. (Halitherium; Middle Mioc., France; 412-416.)
			1873	Delfortrie, E. (Rytiodus capgrandi; Early Mioc., France)
x			1873	Leidy, J. (Manatus inornatus, n.sp.; ?Mioc., South Carolina; 336-337, pl. 37.)
x			1874	Flower, W.H. (Halitherium canhami; England; 1-7, pl. 1.)
			1875a	Zigno, A. de (Halitherium; Isthmus of Suez)
x			1879	Adams, A.L. (Halitherium; Malta; 525-527, pl. 25.)
			1881	Maureta & Thos (Metaxytherium; Spain)
x			1883	Cope, E.D. (Dioplotherium manigaulti, n.gen.n.sp.; South Carolina; 52-54.)
x			1886b	Neviani, A. (indeterminate sirs.; Calabria, Italy; Middle Mioc.; 7-9.)
x			1886	Hauer, F.v. ("Halitherium" [=Metaxytherium medium]; Middle Mioc., Ottakring, Austria; 27-28.)
x			1887	Flot, L. (Prohalicore dubaleni, n.gen.n.sp.; France; 138.)
x	D		1888	Marsh, O.C. (Desmostylus hesperus, n.gen.n.sp.; California; 94-96.)
x			1888	Neviani, A. (Metaxytherium; Italy; 68-69.)
x			1889b	Dollo, L. (Miosiren kocki, n.gen.n.sp.; Belgium; 415-416.)
x			1895	Depéret, C. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi, n.sp.; Early Mioc., Austria; 408, 415.)
			1902	Lovisato, D. (Sardinia.)
x	D		1902	Yoshiwara & Iwasaki ([Desmostylus]; Japan; 1-2.)
x			1902c	Abel, O. (Metaxytherium sp.; Vienna Basin, Austria; m1176.)
x			1904	Case, E.C. (Trichechus giganteus; Maryland; 56-57, pl. 26.)
x	D		1906	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus; California; 151-152.)
x			1906	True, F.W. (?Metaxytherium; Maryland; 835, 840, pl. 76.)
x	D		1911	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus; 404-407.)
x			1913	Matson & Sanford ("manatees"; Bone Valley, Florida; m146.)
x			1915	Matson, G.C. ([Metaxytherium floridanum]; Bone Valley, Florida; pl. 12.)
x			1917	Palmer, W. (Maryland; 344.)
x			1917	Schréter, Z. (Metaxytherium petersi; Hungary; 176-177.)
x			1919	Gómez Llueca, F. (Metaxytherium Cuvieri; Middle Mioc., Mallorca; 54-59, 61, 64.)
x	D		1922	Hannibal, H. (Desmostylus; California, Oregon, Japan; 238-240.)
x			1922a	Hay, O.P. (Metaxytherium floridanum, n.sp.; Florida; 3.)
x			1922	Roman, F. (Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., France; 231-232.)
			1923	Préaubert (Halitherium cuvieri; France)
x			1923a	Allen, G.M. (Metaxytherium floridanum; Florida; 231-238.)
			1924	Campana, D. del (Italy)
x			1925	Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium jordani; California; 60.)
x			1927	Collignon & Cottreau (Halitherium; Madagascar; 138, 164-165, 169.)
x			1927	Hopwood, A.T. (Metaxytherium; Sicily; 18.)
x			1929c	Simpson, G.G. ([Hesperosiren]; Florida; 511, 518.)
x	D		1931	Kellogg, R. (desmostylians, 219-227; Desmostylus, Washington, 226.)
x			1931	Simionescu, I. (Manatus maeoticus; Romania; 146, 155.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (Hesperosiren crataegensis, n.gen.n.sp., Felsinotherium ossivallense, n.sp., Florida; 425-426, 445-446, 469, 499.)
x	D		1933	Hanna, G.D. (Desmostylus; California; 291.)
x			1935	Dartevelle, E. (?Halitherium; Congo; 715-720.)
x			1936	Resch, R. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; m26.)
x	D		1937a	Nagao, T. (Desmostylus minor, n.sp.; Sakhalin; 46-49.)
x	D		1937b	Nagao, T. (Desmostylella typica, n.gen.n.sp.; Honshu, Japan; 82-85.)
x	D		1937c	Nagao, T. (Desmostylus minor; Hokkaido, Japan; 110-113.)
	D		1940	Woodring et al. (Desmostylus hesperus; California; 124.)
x			1941a	VanderHoof, V.L. (Metaxytherium petersi; California; 1985.)
x			1942	Macarovici & Oescu (Manatus maeoticus; Bessarabia; 351, 353, 378-379.)
x	D		1944	Stenzel & Turner (?Desmostylus; Texas; 289.)
x			1944	Zbyszewski, G. (Metaxytherium petersi; Portugal; 69.)
x			1946	Bauzá, J. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mallorca; 376, pl. 18.)
x	D		1949b	Anon. (desmostylian; California; 313.)
x			1949	Colom & Bauzá (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Mallorca; 91-92, pl. 7.)
x			1949	Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Czechoslovakia; 162-163.)
x	D		1950	Shotwell, J.A. (Desmostylus hesperus; Oregon; 1541.)
x			1951	Kretzoi, M. (Haplosiren leganyii, n.gen.n.sp.; Hungary; 438-441.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (Potamosiren magdalenensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Colombia; 203-211.)
x			1952	Cañigueral, J. (Metaxytherium; Mallorca; 387-390.)
x	D		1952	DEREC (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; Japan; stratigraphy; 144.)
x			1952	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (Indosiren javanensis, n.gen.n.sp., etc.; Java; 610-612.)
x			1952	Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren petersi; Austria; 33, 109-113.)
x			1953	Pascual, R. (Ribodon limbatus; Mioc.-Plioc., Argentina; 163-167.)
x			1953	Stirton, R.A. (Potamosiren magdalenensis & La Venta fauna; Colombia; 614.)
x			1953	Zapfe, H. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; 14.)
x			1955	Bernhauser, A. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; bone histology; 168-169, 172, 185.)
x			1956	Bataller, J.R. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Spain; 24-25.)
			1957	Comaschi Caria, I. (Sardinia)
x	D		1958	Floyd et al. (supposed "sea cow"; Texas; 160-161.)
x			1959	Kellogg, R. ([Metaxytherium floridanum]; Florida; m6.)
x			1959	Telles-Antunes, M.C.F. (Halitherium; Early Mioc., Portugal; 129-137.)
x			1962	Vickers, E.D. (indeterminate sirs.; Florida, Georgia; Mioc.; 28-29.)
x	D	*	1963	Mitchell & Repenning (desmostylians, 3-16; sirs., North Pacific, 3-4, 9, 13-16; chronologic & geographic ranges.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (Paleoparadoxia; California; 193, 198.)
x	D		1964	Nolan, T.B. (desmostylian ranges; A136-A137.)
x	D		1965a	Anon. (Paleoparadoxia; California; pop. acc.; 53.)
x			1965	Kilmer, F.H. (Halianassa(?) allisoni, n.sp.; Baja California; 57-58, 70-72.)
x	D		1965	Mitchell & Lipps (Paleoparadoxia; San Clemente Is., California; 4-6.)
x	D		1965	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (Desmostylus; California; iii, 3, 7, 21, 26-29, 36.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium calvertense, n.sp., Maryland, 66-67, 71, 78; M. manigaulti, Felsinotherium alleni, South Carolina, 78, 91-92; M. ortegense, n.sp., Colombia, 92-93.)
x			1966	Pascual, R. (cf. Felsinotherium; Argentina; 242.)
x			1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (Sirenotherium pirabense, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Mioc., Brazil; 345-347, 354-356.)
x			1968	Olsen, S.J. (Halitherium & indeterminate sirs.; northern Florida; 129-130, 133-134.)
			1968	Selley, R.C. (sir. [Rytiodus heali]; Jebel Zelten, Libya)
			1969	Calzada, S. (Metaxytherium; Spain)
x			1969a	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong brevicranius, n.gen.n.sp.; Sri Lanka; 97.)
x			1969	Rensberger, J.M. (indeterminate sir.; California; 1-2.)
x			1969	Robinson & Black (indeterminate sirs.; Tunisia; m69.)
x			1970	Ginsburg, L. (Halianassa cuvieri; Middle Mioc., France; 189-190.)
x	D		1970	Minch et al. (Desmostylus; Baja California; 3149-3153.)
x			1971	Daxner-Höck, G. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; 761, 764-765.)
x			1971a	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & North Pacific correlation; 110-111.)
x			1971b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamaline evolution; 217-220.)
x	D		1971	Dubrovo & Sinel'nikova (desmostylians; Kamchatka; 670-673.)
x			1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., France; 161.)
x			1971	Pratt, R.M. (indeterminate sirs.; dredged from seabed off U.S. Atlantic coast; 27, 31-33.)
x			1971	Savage, R.J.G. ("new genus"; Libya; m221.)
x	D		1972	Barnes, L.G. (desmostylians & sirs.; western North America; 126, 140-142.)
x	D		1972a	Domning, D.P. (desmostylians & sirs.; western North America; stratigraphy; 146-149.)
x	D		1972	Ikebe et al. (desmostylians; Japan; stratigraphic range; 44-45, 47-48, 65-66.)
			1972	Schultz, O. (Austria)
x			1972	Varona, L.S. (Metaxytherium riveroi, n.sp.; Middle Mioc., Cuba; 6, 15-16.)
			1973	Savage & Hamilton
x			1973	Tekkaya, I. ("Halitherium (Metaxytherium) sp."; Upper Mioc. or Lower Plioc., Turkey; m118.)
x			1974	Anglada et al. (Halitherium; Early Mioc., France; 1-2.)
			1974	Robinson & Black (indeterminate sirs.; Tunisia)
x			1974	Voorhies, M.R. (indeterminate sir.; Middle Mioc., Georgia; 228.)
			1975	Ginsburg & Janvier (Metaxytherium medium; Touraine & Anjou, France)
			1977	Alvinerie et al. (Early Mioc.)
x			1977	Hooijer, D.A. (Metaxytherium cf. medium; Netherlands; 2.)
x	D		1977	Kamei & Okazaki (Desmostylus & Paleoparadoxia; Japan; stratigraphic range; 354.)
			1977	Radwanski, A. (Poland)
x			1977	Savage & Tewari (Metaxytherium, India; indeterminate sirs., Iran & elsewhere in Indian Ocean region; 216-218.)
x	D	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (Dioplotherium allisoni, Dusisiren spp., Paleoparadoxia, Desmostylus; N. Pacific; 101-107, 147-157.)
x	D		1978	Susuki & Stadum (?Paleoparadoxia tabatai; San Clemente Is., California; 5, 21.)
	D		1978	Tsunoda et al. (Paleoparadoxia tabatai)
x			1979	Ginsburg et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., France; 224, 226.)
x			1979	Takahashi et al. ("Dusisiren n. sp."; Late Mioc., Honshu, Japan; 228.)
x	D		1980	Inuzuka et al. (supposed Dugong; Middle Mioc., Japan; 639-641.)
x			1980	Monroe, W.H. (indeterminate sirs.; Puerto Rico; 38, 78.)
x			1981	Barnes et al. (Hydrodamalis cuestae; Late Mioc., California; 56-57, 62-63.)
x	D		1981	Clark, J.C. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia, Halianassa; California; 27-28, 34.)
x			1981	Webb et al. (Metaxytherium; Late Mioc., Florida; 517, 521, 535.)
x			1982	Thomas et al. (indeterminate sirs.; late Early Mioc., Al-Sarrar, Saudi Arabia; 120.)
x			1982	Aizu Fossil Research Group (Dusisiren cf. jordani; Japan; 282-284.)
x			1982b	Domning, D.P. (Potamosiren sp., Colombia, 601-602; Ribodon limbatus, Argentina, 602.)
x			1982	Ridgway, B. (cf. Halianassa; Florida; 7, 13, 15.)
x			1983	Morgan & Pratt (Metaxytherium; Florida; 4, 20, 22.)
x			1983	Takahashi et al. (Dusisiren [dewana]; Late Mioc., Honshu, Japan; 1-76.)
x			1984	Domning & Deméré (Hydrodamalis cuestae; California; 169-188.)
x			1984b	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium; Maryland, North Carolina; pop. acc.; 5.)
x			1984c	Domning, D.P. (cf. Metaxytherium calvertense; Virginia; 224-225, 1 pl.)
			1984	Kordos & Solt (Hungary)
x	D		1984	Raschke, R.E. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia, Dioplotherium allisoni; Middle Mioc., California; 62, 64.)
x			1984	Raza et al. (indeterminate sir.; Early or Middle Mioc., Pakistan; 585.)
			1985c	Kordos, L. (Hungary)
x			1985	Muizon & De Vries (Metaxytherium calvertense; Peru; faunal connections with eastern North America; m560.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (Metaxytherium calvertense; Peru; 190-192.)
x			1986	Domning & Ray (halitheriine; Early Mioc., Oregon; 263-265.)
x			1986	Frailey, C.D. (?Ribodon; Late Mioc., Peru & Brazil; 34.)
	D		1986	Inuzuka & Karasawa (Paleoparadoxia)
x			1986a	Pilleri, G. (indeterminate sir.; Germany; 18, 22, pl. 5.)
x			1986b	Pilleri, G. (indeterminate sirs.; Italy; 21-22, pl.11.)
	D		1986a	Suzuki et al. (Paleoparadoxia; Japan)
	D		1986b	Suzuki et al. (Paleoparadoxia; Japan)
x			1986	Takahashi et al. (Dusisiren dewana, n.sp.; Late Mioc., Honshu, Japan; 297-300.)
x			1987	Bajpai et al. (Metaxytherium kachchhense, n.sp.; India; 20-25.)
x			1987	Domning & Thomas (Metaxytherium, Europe, review, 206-208; Metaxytherium sp., Libya, 209.)
			1987	Moncharmont Zei & Moncharmont (Metaxytherium medium; Italy)
x			1987	Whitmore, F.C., Jr. (indeterminate sir.; Saudi Arabia; m447.)
			1988	Vazzana, A. (Metaxytherium medium; Calabria, Italy)
x			1988	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium floridanum; Florida; 395-426.)
x			1988	Roetzel, R. (Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Austria; 402.)
			1988	Vazzana, A. (Italy)
x			1989b	Domning, D.P. ("Halitherium" olseni, Dioplotherium manigaulti, Metaxytherium sp.; Suwannee R., Florida & Georgia; 54-60.)
x			1989c	Domning, D.P. (Dioplotherium manigaulti; Florida, South Carolina; 415-418.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (Xenosiren yucateca, n.gen.n.sp.; ?Mioc., Mexico; 430.)
x			1989	Geraads, D. (Metaxytherium sp.; Late Mioc., Tunisia; 781, 791.)
x			1989	Morgan, G.S. ("Halitherium" olseni, Dioplotherium manigaulti, Metaxytherium sp.; Suwannee R., Florida & Georgia; 27, 29-30, 32-34, 37-39, 43, 46, 49-50.)
	D		1989	Satoh et al. (Early Mioc., Japan)
x			1989	Toledo, P.M. de (Sirenotherium pirabense; Brazil; 5-10.)
x	D		1990	Aranda-Manteca, F.J. (Metaxytherium, Desmostylus; Middle Mioc., Baja California; 100, 103-104, 108, 111.)
x	D		1990	Ferrusquia-V., I. (Desmostylus hesperus; Baja Calif.; 15, 17, 22-26.)
x		*	1990	MacPhee & Wyss (Puerto Rico; localities; 16-17, 21-27, 32-33, 36-39.)
x	D		1990	Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; California [Stanford specimen]; 199.)
			1990	Stojaspal, F. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria)
x			1991	Basu et al. (Early Mioc., India; 9-10.)
x			1991	Bryant, J.D. ("Hesperosiren" crataegensis; Florida; 475-476, 484, 486.)
x	D		1991	Clark, J.M. (Paleoparadoxia weltoni, n.sp.; Early Mioc., California; 494-495.)
x			1991	Czyzewska & Radwanski (Thalattosiren; Middle Mioc., Poland; 184-185, 188.)
x			1991a	Pervesler & Roetzel (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Austria; 97.)
x			1991b	Pervesler & Roetzel (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; paleoecology & taphonomy; 156-157.)
x			1991	Toledo & Domning (Dioplotherium cf. allisoni, cf. Rytiodus, cf. Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Brazil; 119-146.)
x			1991	Piller & Vávra ("Thalatosiren [sic] petersi"; Middle Mioc., Austria; m189.)
	D		1992	Kaneko & Goto (Paleoparadoxia tabatai; Japan)
	D		1992	Kaneko & Inuzuka (Paleoparadoxia tabatai, Desmostylus japonicus; Japan)
			1992	Kohno & Takaizumi (Halitheriinae indet.; Late Mioc., Japan)
x			1993	Deméré, T.A. (indet. sir.; Late Mioc.-Early Plioc., California; 84.)
x			1994	Das & Basu ("Kotadasiren gracillis"; Oligo-Mioc., India; 5.)
			1994	Aranda-Manteca et al. (Metaxytherium arctodites, n.sp.; Middle Mioc., Baja California & California)
x	D		1994	Shimada & Inuzuka (Paleoparadoxia, Desmostylus; Japan; 553-556, 574.)
	D		1995	Hasegawa et al. (Desmostylus; Middle Mioc., Japan)
			1995	Kimura et al. (Late Mioc., Hokkaido)
		*	1995	Kobayashi et al. (Dusisiren takasatensis, n.sp.; Late Mioc., Japan)
x		*	1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (fossil sirs.; review; 322, 325-328.)
			1996	Lecuyer et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., France; paleotemperatures & paleosalinity)
x			1996	Piller et al. ("Thalatosiren [sic] petersi"; Middle Mioc., Austria; m16.)
x			1997	Bajpai & Domning (Bharatisiren kachchhensis, n.gen. n.comb.; Early Mioc.; & other sirs.; 219, 221, 226-227.)
x			1997a	Carone, G. (Metaxytherium medium; Late Mioc., Italy; 2-10.)
x			1997b	Carone, G. (Metaxytherium medium; Late Mioc., Italy; 91-94.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (Potamosiren magdalenensis; Middle Mioc., La Venta, Colombia; 383-391.)
x	D		1997c	Domning, D.P. (Olig.-Mioc. boundary; biostratigraphic utility of sirs. & desmostylians; 178-179.)
x			1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Metaxytherium; Spain; specimens in Barcelona; 23, 45, 57, 61, 171-172, 174-175, 227.)
	D		1998	Kimura et al. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; Akan-cho, Hokkaido, Japan)
			1998	Sendra, J.R. (Spain)
x			1998	Bohaska, D.J. (indet. dugongids; Early Mioc., Delaware & Maryland; 183-185.)
x			1998	Estevens, M. (Portugal; geographic & stratigraphic distr.; A161-A164.)
x			1998	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; paleoecology & taphonomy; 87-103.)
x			1999	Renz, M. (Metaxytherium floridanum; Middle Mioc.; Polk County, Florida; 57-66.)
x			1999	Whybrow & Clements (indet. sir.; Middle Mioc., Saudi Arabia; m465.)
			2000	Cione et al. (Dioplotherium, Ribodon limbatus; Middle-Late Mioc., Argentina)
	D		2000	Takaizumi & Sato (Paleoparadoxia; Japan)
x			2000	Bagnato et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Late Mioc., Italy; 4-10.)
x		*	2000	Estevens, M. (Portugal; 323-334.)
x			2000	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; 213-215.)
x			2000	Plusquellec & Racheboeuf (Metaxytherium medium; France; 32-36.)
x			2001	Sach & Heizmann (Metaxytherium cf. medium; Early Mioc., Germany; 11, 15, 23, 42-43, 52, 72, pl. 7.)
x			2001	Carone, G. (Metaxytherium medium; Late Mioc., Italy; 34, 36.)
		*	2001	Domning & Pervesler (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Europe)
x			2001	Bernal, F. (Metaxytherium; Upper Mioc., Murcia, Spain; pop. acc.; 3.)
x			2001	Iturralde-V., M.A. (?Metaxytherium; Dominican Republic; m8.)
			2002	Sabol & Holec (Slovakia)
			2002	Kobayashi, S. (indeterminate halitheriine; Japan)
	D		2002	Jiménez-Hidalgo et al. (Desmostylus hesperus; Middle Mioc., Baja California; 53.)
	D		2002	Yoshida & Kimura (Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia tabatai; Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Watanabe & Kimura (Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia tabatai; Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Kimura, M. (Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia tabatai; Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Sato & Kimura (Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia tabatai; Akan, Hokkaido)
			2002	Kobayashi, S. (Japan)
			2003a	Estevens, M. (Portugal; Mioc.)
			2003b	Estevens, M. (Portugal)
			2003	MacPhee et al. (Early Mioc., Cuba)
x			2003	Bianucci & Landini (M. medium; Late Mioc., Italy; 567-573.)
			2003	Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium; Late Mioc., Italy; 59-63.)
			2004	Marcopoulou-Diacantoni & Logos (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Crete; Late Miocene)
x			2004	Aguilera & De Aguilera (early Miocene Cantaure Formation, Venezuela; scars of shark bites on sir. bones; 376-378.)
x			2004	Sánchez-V. et al. (indeterminate sir.; Early Mioc.; Venezuela; 109-110.)
x			2004	Athanassiou, A. (Metaxytherium cuvieri; Crete; 2.)
			2004	Uno & Kimura (Desmostylus hesperus; Middle Mioc., Utanobori, Hokkaido, Japan)
			2004	Aguilera & Rodrigues (indeterminate dugongids; Venezuela; shark predation)
			2004	Linares, O.J. (Middle-Late Mioc.; Urumaco, Venezuela)
	D		2006	Inuzuka et al. ("Paleoparadoxia tabatai"; Akita Prefecture, Japan)
			2006	Bianucci et al. (Late Mioc., Chile)
	D		2006	Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan; forelimb)
	D		2007	Jacobs et al. (unnamed desmostylians; Unalaska; earliest Mioc.?)
		*	2007	Carone & Domning (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Calabria, Italy; paleoecology)
			2007	Tomida & Ohta (Desmostylus sp.; Hokkaido, Japan; Middle Mioc.)
		*	2008a	Domning & Aguilera (Nanosiren sanchezi, n.sp., Late Mioc., Venezuela)
			2008	Gregorová & Zágoršek (indeterminate sir. rib; Middle Mioc., Czech Republic)
x			2008	Pickford, M. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Mioc., Pemba & Zanzibar Is., Tanzania; 231-232.)
x			2008	Rocher, Philippe (Aquitanian, France; Rytiodus capgrandi; pl. 13.)
x			2008	Inan et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., Turkey; 1-7.)
	D		2008	Hasegawa & Kimura (Paleoparadoxia sp., Kurosawa & Nakajima specimens; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan)
	D		2008	Shimaguchi, T. (Aomori Prefecture, Japan; Middle Mioc.)
			2008	Sorbi, S. (M. cf. krahuletzi; Early Mioc.; France)
	D		2009	Jacobs et al. (desmostylians; Alaska)
			2009	Feijó et al. (Mioc. sirs., Brazil; catalog of Museu Goeldi holdings)
			2009	Feijó et al. (Mioc. sirs., Pará, Brazil; catalog of Museu Goeldi holdings; 148-155.)
		*	2009	Thewissen & Bajpai (Domningia sodhae, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Mioc., Kutch, India)
	D		2009	Inuzuka et al. (?desmostylian footprints; Lower Mioc., Japan)
			2009	Rateau et al. (Metaxytherium medium, Channay-sur-Lathan, France.)
	D		2009	Sakurai, K. (Desmostylus japonicus; Hokkaido, Japan)
			2010	Uhen et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Early Mioc., Panama)
		*	2010	Bajpai et al. (Kutchisiren cylindrica, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Mioc., India)
			2011	Cione et al. (Metaxytherium, Dioplotherium; Mioc.)
x		*	2011	Lungu & Rzebik-Kowalska ("?Halitherium maeoticus" (n.comb.); Late Mioc., Moldova; 30.)
			2011	Bianucci et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Malta)
			2011	Guido et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Cessaniti, Italy; micromorphology, geochemistry, & diagenesis of ribs)
			2011	Domning & Sorbi (Rytiodus heali, n.sp.; Early Mioc., Jabal Zaltan, Libya)
			2012	Koyabu & Sánchez (Nanosiren sanchezi; Late Mioc., Venezuela)
			2012	Veléz-J. et al. (Metaxytherium sp., Dioplotherium sp.; Late Mioc., Argentina)
			2013	Fitzgerald et al. (Sirenia indet.; Papua New Guinea & Australia)
		*	2013	Fanti & Forti (indet. sir.; Oligo-Miocene, Palawan, Philippines)
x			2013	Lambert & Muizon (cf. Nanosiren sp.; Late Mioc., Sacaco Basin, Peru; m719.)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G. (Neoparadoxia cecilialina, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Mioc., Orange Co., California)
			2013	Carone & Marra (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Italy)
			2013	Carone et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Calabria, Italy)
		*	2013	Domning & Pervesler (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., Central Europe)
	D		2014	Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Early Mioc., Hokkaido, Japan)
x			2014	Londeix, L. (tusk of Rytiodus capgrandi and teeth & atlas of an indet. sir.; Aquitanian stratotype, France: 252-253)
			2014	Boessenecker et al. (Purisima Fm.; Santa Cruz County, California; Late Mioc.; taphonomy)
			2014	Mirzaie Ataabadi et al. (indet. sirs.; Oligo/Mioc., Iran)
			2015	Moreno et al. (undescribed sir. remains, Guajira Peninsula, Colombia; Early to Middle Mioc.)
	D	*	2015	Chiba et al. (Ounalashkastylus tomidai, n.gen.n.sp., Olig.-Mioc., Alaska; cf. Vanderhoofius sp., Middle Mioc., Hokkaido)
x			2015	Amson et al. (supposed dugongine rib reidentified as the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus; Late Mioc., Peru; 1-4.)
	D		2015	Matsui & Kawabe (Paleoparadoxia sp.; early Mioc., Chikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan)
			2016	Antoine et al. (Trichechinae; early Mioc., Peru)
	D		2016	Santos et al. (Desmostylus; Middle Mioc., California; ontogeny & senescence)
x		*	2017	Marra et al. (Metaxytherium serresii & M. medium, Upper Mioc.; Calabria, Italy; 381, 386-388, 390.)
	D		2018	Matsui et al. (Paleoparadoxia femur; Fukushima, Japan)
		*	2018	Domning, D.P. (Sir. fauna of Chesapeake Group; U.S. East Coast,New Jersey-North Carolina)
		*	2019	Samonds et al.
		*	2019	Vélez-Juarbe & Wood (Culebratherium alemani, n.gen.n.sp.; Panama)
x			2019	Powell et al. (Sonoma County, California; Late Mioc.; indeterminate rib fragments of a hydrodamaline sirenian; 3, 11, 44, Pl. 12.)
			2019	Orihuela et al. (Dugongidae incertae sedis; Early Mioc., Cuba; brain endocasts)
			2020	Carone & Rizzo (Metaxytherium cf. krahuletzi; Sardinia; early Mioc.)
			2021	Feichtinger et al. (Metaxytherium cf. medium; Mioc., Styria, Austria; predation by tiger shark (Galeocerdo))
			2022	Pandolfi et al. (Metaxytherium cf. subapenninum; tusk; Late Mioc.; Montebamboli, Italy)

Miodugong brevicranius Deraniyagala, 1969 ( 6 )
x		1969a	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka; 97, 99, pl. 2.)
x		1969b	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka; 235-237.)
	*	1969c	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc., Sri Lanka)
		1969d	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka)
x		1977	Savage & Tewari (considered "Metaxytherium sp. indet."; 217.)
x		1977	Tewari et al. (considered "Metaxytherium sp. indet."; 47A.)

Miodugong Deraniyagala, 1969 ( 4 )
x		1969a	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka; 97, 99, pl. 2.)
x		1969b	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka; 235-237.)
	*	1969c	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (n.gen.; Mioc., Sri Lanka)
		1969d	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Mioc., Sri Lanka)

Miosiren canhami (Flower, 1874) Sickenberg, 1934 ( 2 )
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O. (n.comb.)
x		1973b	Anon. ("Felsinotherium"; m[3].)

Miosiren Dollo, 1889 ( 16 )
x	*	1889b	Dollo, L. (n.gen.; Mioc., Belgium; 415-421.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (teeth; 223.)
x		1906	Abel, O. (dentition; 51-52.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 424, 434, 451, 473, 481, 487-488, 495.)
x		1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (teeth, comp. w/ DD; m14.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154-155.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 438-441.)
x		1952a	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (comp. w/ Indosiren; 611.)
x		1957	Kellogg & Whitmore (paleoecology; 1021.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 574-575, 579.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ Eoc. sirs.; 58, 61.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-380.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (probably related to Anomotherium; 207.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; m362.)
x		1997c	Domning, D.P. (biostratigraphic utility; m178.)

Miosiren kocki Dollo, 1889 ( 11 )
x	*	1889b	Dollo, L. (n.sp.; Mioc., Belgium; 415-421.)
x		1914	Depéret, C. (comp. w/ Felsinotherium Serresi; 1858-1859, 1861.)
x		1925	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium jordani; 58, 67.)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 410-411, 415-416, 435.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (teeth, comp. w/ Trichechus; 9.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (m23.)
x		1946	Slijper, E.J. (spinal column; tab. 5.)
x		1965	Kilmer, F.H. (m69.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. ("M. kochi"; comp. w/ Metaxytherium calvertense; 84-85.)
	*	2012	Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development)

Miosireninae Abel, 1919 ( 5 )
	*	1919	Abel, O. (new subfamily)
		1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 155.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135.)
	*	1994b	Domning, D.P. (included within Trichechidae)

Mississippi ( 12 )
x		1965	Arata & Jackson (indeterminate sir.; Olig.; 175-177.)
x		1974	Domning, D.P. (indeterminate sirs.; Olig.; m8.)
		1974	May, J.H. (indeterminate sir.; Olig.)
x	*	1981	Gunter & Corcoran (TML; 97-99.)
		1982	Dockery, D.T., III (indeterminate sir.; Olig.)
x		1983	Gunter & Perry (TML; 513.)
x		1984	Powell & Rathbun (TML; 2, 7, 20.)
x		1985	O'Shea, Beck et al. (TML; 5.)
x		1996a	Domning, D.P. (lists 2 coins; 372.)
x		2004	Williams & Domning (TM; ?Pleist., in Mississippi R. drainage; 167-176.)
	*	2005	Fertl et al. (TM)
		2017	Hieb et al. (TM)

Mortality: Mortality: SEE Accidental Death or Injury; Conservation; Hunting and Capture; Natural Death or Injury; Pathology; Population Biology; Temperature, Effects of ( 0 )

Museums, Catalogues or Inventories of Specimens in ( 50 )
			1681	Grew, N. (Royal Soc., London)
x			1828a	Brookes, J. (DD; Brookesian Museum, London; 12.)
x			1838	Waterhouse, G.R. (DD; Zool. Soc. London; 35.)
			1850	Gray, J.E. (British Museum [Nat. Hist.])
			1851	Horsfield, T. (DD; East-India Company, London; 139.)
			1863	Blyth, E. (DD; Asiatic Soc., Calcutta)
			1866	Gray, J.E. (British Museum [Nat. Hist.])
			1882	Stahl, A. (Bayamon, Puerto Rico)
			1884	Flower & Garson (Royal College of Surgeons, London)
			1887	Jentink, F.A. (Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Leiden)
			1887	Lydekker, R. (fossil sirs.; British Museum [Nat. Hist.])
			1891	Sclater, W.L. (DD; Indian Museum, Calcutta)
			1892	Jentink, F.A. (Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Leiden)
		*	1899	Vaksmut, N.S. (HG; skeletons deposited in various museums)
			1902	Smith, G.E. (Royal College of Surgeons, London; brains)
x			1904	Goeldi & Hagmann (Museu Goeldi, Belém, Brazil; 89-90.)
			1912	Turner, W. (Edinburgh)
			1923	Woodward, A.S. (British Museum [Nat. Hist.])
		*	1934	Pia & Sickenberg (fossil sirs.; Austria)
			1938?	Themido, A.A. (Coimbra)
			1966	Friedrich, H. (HG; supposed skin fragments, Bremen)
			1976	Duguy & Cyrus (Recent sirs.; Marseille)
x			1977	Van Bree & Duguy (Recent sirs.; Bordeaux; 290-292.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (N. Pacific fossil & Recent sirs.; 94, 147-162.)
			1979	Duguy & Defretin (Recent sirs.; Lille)
x			1986	McLaren et al. (Recent sirs.; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; 293-296.)
x			1986	Rothausen, K. (fossil sirs.; northwestern Germany; 520-521, 528-529.)
		*	1987	Pilleri, G. (fossil sirs.; Switzerland)
		*	1988d	Pilleri, G. (Recent sirs.; Switzerland)
x			1989	Leatherwood & Reeves (DD; Sri Lanka; 89-90, 129-132.)
x			1989	Perrin & Kashiwada (TML; La Jolla, Calif.; 17.)
x	D		1993	Perrilliat, M. (Xenosiren yucateca & Cornwallius sookensis; Inst. Geol., UNAM, Mexico; 39-40.)
x			1994	Agudo, A.I. (TM; Venezuela; 1-8.)
x			1995	Fichter, J. (Halitherium sp,; Kassel, Germany; 154.)
x			1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Metaxytherium; Barcelona; 23, 45, 57, 61, 171-172, 174-175, 227.)
x			1997	Jefferson & Baumgardner (TM; Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection; 106.)
x			1997	Mignucci G. et al. (TM; Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras; 288-292.)
x			1999	Feiler, A. (HG; Dresden; 402.)
x			2000	Maio & Picariello (DD, HG; Univ. of Naples; 13-15.)
			2000	Maio & Picariello (Univ. of Naples)
x			2000	Henriques et al. (holotype specimen of Sirenotherium pirabensis, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; 19.)
			2002	Isakova, L. F. (HG; Irkutsk Provincial Museum)
			2003	Stefen, C. (HG; Dresden)
x			2004	Csorba et al. (HG; 2 specimens in Hungarian Nat. Hist. Mus.; 317-320.)
x			2005	Siciliano & Franco (TI, TM; Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; 35-36.)
			2006	Jousse et al. (HG; Lyon)
		*	2006	Mattioli & Domning (HG; Commander Islands; skeletal material in museums; history of collecting)
			2009	Feijó et al. (Mioc. sirs.; Museu Goeldi, Belem; 148-155.)
	D		2009	Sakurai, K. (Desmostylus japonicus; Hobetsu Mus., Japan)
			2010	Bizzarini & Reggiani (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., France; skull & dentition; reconstructed skeleton exhibited in Venice)

Myology ( 54 )
x			1838a	Owen, R. (DD; visceral muscles, 30-33; heart, 35; larynx, 38; genital organs, 40.)
			1845	Stannius, H.F.
			1849	Stannius, H.F.
x		*	1851	Barkow, H.C.L. (DD; muscle innervation; 119-122.)
x			1862	Phillippo (Trichechus; heart; m684.)
x		*	1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; 134, 137, 143-164, 179-180, 189.)
x			1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; m453, m457.)
x		*	1880	Murie, J. (TMM; 32-35, pl. 8.)
x			1892	Waldeyer, W. (Manatus americanus; digestive tract; 81-85.)
			1902	Pütter, A. (eyeball)
x			1904	Freund, L. (manus; 383-384, 390-391, 395.)
x			1907	Pick, F.K. (DD; smooth muscles of lung; 260-262, 266, 269-270.)
x			1908a	Gudernatsch, J.F. (DD; tongue; 601-604.)
x			1909	Gudernatsch, J.F. (TM; tongue; 185-186.)
x			1910	Sterling, S. (forearm muscles & degree of aquatic adaptation; 667-668.)
			1911	Riha, A.
			1917	Kaudern, W.
			1925a	Petit, G. (genital organs)
			1930	Freund, L.
		*	1933	Bahrdt, H.J. (forelimb)
			1934	Genschow, J. (muscles of nasal passages; 431-435.)
x			1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; muscle color; 218.)
x		*	1946	Slijper, E.J. (spinal muscles; 46-47, 50-53, 73-78, 112, 114, 120, tabs. 1, 3, 6.)
x			1953	Quiring & Harlan (TML; eye muscles, m194; abdominal & thoracic muscles, 202.)
x			1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; muscles of penis; 31-33.)
x			1959b	Engel, S. (DD; smooth muscles of lung; 98-99.)
x			1962	Engel, S. (DD; smooth muscles of lung; 96-97, 102-103, 105-107.)
x			1965	Robineau, D. (middle ear; 414, 417, 419.)
			1968	Lemire, M.
			1968	Saban, R. (head)
x			1969	Robineau, D. (ear region; 6, 10, 14, 26.)
			1970	Turnbull, W.D. (jaw muscles)
x			1971	Kingdon, J. (DD; sketches of superficial muscles; 392-393, 396.)
x			1972	Blessing et al. (TI; muscle fibers of spleen; 176, 182.)
x			1972	Blessing, M.H. (?TI; myoglobin concentrations; 475-479.)
x			1972	Kenchington, R.A. (DD; digestive tract; m884, m886-887.)
		*	1975	Saban, R. (TS; facial muscles)
x		*	1977a	Domning, D.P. (DD; comp. w/ Trichechus; 1-57.)
x			1977b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolutionary changes; 357-359.)
x		*	1978a	Domning, D.P. (TI; comp. w/ other sirs.; 1-81.)
x		*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolutionary changes; 118-129.)
		*	1986	Gambaryan & Sukhanov (TM)
			1986	Rodionov, V.A. (TM; lipids in muscles)
			1986	Umnova & Novoselova (TM; muscle ultrastructure)
x			1988	Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear & basicranial region; 368-374.)
x			1991	Frey, R. (locomotor muscles; 280-283, 319.)
x			1993	Fischer & Tassy (TM; panniculus carnosus; 223.)
x			1993	Shoshani, J. (support for tethythere and paenungulate relationships; 235-239, 241, 246-253.)
x		*	1998	Marshall, Clark, & Reep (TML; facial muscles & "muscular hydrostat" of snout; 290-303.)
x			1998	Reep et al. (TML; innervation of facial muscles; 267-268, 270.)
x			2000	Rommel & Reynolds (TML; diaphragm; 41-51.)
	D		2012	Fujiwara & Hutchinson (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi; elbow adductor moment arm & forelimb posture)
			2021	Meshida et al. (TML; oblique muscles of eyeball)
			2022	Meshida et al. (TML; rectus extraocular muscles; comp. w/ cetaceans.)

Myths: Myths: SEE Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )