T

Tagging Methods and Recognition ( 67 )
x		1953	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; scars; 121.)
x	*	1956	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; scars; 2-5, 22.)
		1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (tagging)
x		1964a	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; tagging; 117-118.)
x		1964	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; scars; 7-8.)
x		1969	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; recognition; 345-346.)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (paint; m329.)
		1976g	Anon. (TML; Florida; sonar tags)
x		1978	Harper, H. (TML; Florida; radiotagging; m12.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; scars, belts; 12-14.)
x		1981	Asper & Searles (TML; Florida; freezebranding; m122-123.)
x		1981b	Beusse et al. (TML; Florida; freezebranding; 111, 118.)
x		1981b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; Papua New Guinea; spaghetti tags, tailstock belts; 135-136, 140-141.)
x		1981	Montgomery et al. (TI; Brazil; freezebranding & radiotagging; 81-85.)
x		1982b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Australia; scars, Paintstick; 86, 89, 92-93.)
x		1982	Eberhardt, L.L. (TML; Florida; techniques; 11-13, 15-16.)
x	*	1982	Michelson, R.C. (TML; Florida; automated radiotracking; 79-85.)
x		1983	Kinnaird & Valade (TML; Florida; scars; 2, 6, 8-11, 25-63.)
x		1983	Packard & Nichols (TML; Florida; sample sizes required for mark-recovery studies; 1-14.)
x		1983	Packard et al. (TML; Florida; radiotagging, 4-8; vinyl flags, 5, 8.)
x		1983	Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; scars & natural marks; 6.)
x	*	1984	Irvine & Scott (TML; Florida; development of marking techniques; 12-26.)
x	*	1984b	Packard, J.M. (TM; review of techniques; 1-29.)
x		1984	Powell & Rathbun (TML; Florida; scars, radiotags; 4-5, 13-14.)
x		1985	Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida; radiotracking; 5, 10, 12-16.)
x		1985	Packard, Summers & Barnes (TML; Florida; radiotagging; 347-351.)
		1986	Mate et al. (TML; Florida)
		1986	Mate, B.R. (satellite tracking)
		1987	Marsh & Rathbun (DD; satellite tracking)
		1987	Rathbun, Reid & Bourassa (TML; Florida)
		1987	Rathbun, Reid & Tas'an (DD)
x		1988	Doig & Dyson (DD; Australia; satellite tracking; 438-439.)
x		1988a	Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; radiotracking; 12-14.)
		1988	Sleeper, B. (TML; Florida; pop. acc.)
		1988	Wilhelm et al. (TML; Florida; scar patterns)
x		1989	Packard et al. (TML; Florida; visibility of radio-tagged manatees; 695-699.)
x		1989	Preen et al. (DD; Arabian region; radiotagging; 25-26, 56.)
x	*	1989	Reid & O'Shea (TML; Florida & Georgia; satellite transmitters; 217-232.)
x	*	1990	Marsh & Rathbun (DD; Queensland; radio & satellite tracking; 83-100.)
x		1990	Rathbun et al. (TML; Florida; scar patterns, radiotracking; 2-4.)
x		1991	Reid et al. (TML; Florida; scar patterns; 180-190.)
x	*	1995b	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay; scarring & photoidentification; 205-211.)
		1995	Beck & Reid (TML; Florida; photo-ID catalog)
x		1995	O'Shea & Langtimm (TML; Florida; estimation of survival; 198-208.)
x		1996	Koelsch, J.K. (TML; Sarasota Co., Florida; photoidentification studies; gen. acc.; 8-9.)
x	*	1996	Reid, J.P. (TML; individual radio-tracked to Rhode Island; 13.)
x		1997	Reid, J.P. (TMM; Puerto Rico; radiotracking; 22-23.)
x	*	1998	Deutsch et al. (TM; Florida, Georgia, Puerto Rico; radio-tracking; 18-29.)
x		1998	Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; photo-identification in mark-recapture analysis; 982, 984-985, 994-995.)
x	*	1998	Wright et al. (TML; Florida; PIT tags; 641-645.)
		2001	Weigle et al. (TML; west coast of Florida, 1991-96; movements)
		2002	Lanyon et al. (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; mark-recapture program)
		2002	Nowacek et al. (TMM; Belize; digital acoustic logger tagging)
		2005	Flamm et al. (TML; movement corridors; telemetry)
		2010	Lanyon et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; molecular characterization of populations; skin sampling)
x		2012	Beck & Clark (Discusses scars, tags, freeze-branding, and genetic analysis; 133-138.)
		2012	Deutsch & Reynolds (Florida; photo-identification partnership; 32.)
		2012	Kendall et al. (estimating parameters of hidden Markov models)
	*	2012	Marmontel, Reid, et al. (tagging techniques & movement of sirs.)
	*	2012	Moraes-Arraut et al. (Habitat assessment using GIS, satellites, videography, & modeling)
		2013	Fuentes et al. (DD; Torres Strait; capture for tagging by harpoon and dermal holdfast)
		2015	Aven et al. (TML)
		2017	Slone et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuge use; GPS telemetry)
		2017	Haase et al. (TML; Florida; movements & habitat use; satellite telemetry)
		2019	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (TMM; Caribbean region; monitoring methods)
	*	2020	Landeo-Yauri et al. (TML; Belize; photo-identification by drones)
		2022	Derville et al. (DD; New Caledonia; habitat use; satellite tracking)

Taiwan ( 4 )
x	*	1932	Hirasaka, K. (DD; 1-4, pl. 1.)
x		1934	Hirasaka, K. (DD; 4221-4222.)
x		1993	Wang, P. (DD; 275, 278.)
x		1996	Yu, M.-J. (DD; m122.)

Taphonomy: Taphonomy: SEE Paleoecology and Taphonomy ( 0 )

Temperature, Effects of ( 114 )
(SEE ALSO: Behavior, Shelter-seeking or Escape; Migration & Movements; Natural Death or Injury; Pollution, Effects of; Thermoregulation)
x		1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; in capt., London; death from cold; 192-193.)
x		1873	Conklin, W.A. (Trichechus; in capt., New York; 166.)
x		1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; in capt., Philadelphia; 460-461.)
x		1878	Brown, A.E. (TMM; in capt., Philadelphia; 296-297.)
x		1880	Murie, J. (TMM; in capt., London; death from cold; 23.)
x		1881	Crane, A. (?TI; in capt., Brighton; 460.)
x		1893	Goeldi, E.A. (TMM; in capt.; m121.)
x	*	1895	Bangs, O. (TML; Florida; 784-785.)
x		1897	Anon. (Trichechus; in capt., England; 36.)
x		1898	Kirke, H. (TMM from Guyana; in capt., England; 135.)
x		1905	Townsend, C.H. (TML; death in capt., New York; 97.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, Trichechus; 58.)
x		1909	Graham, S.C. (TML; Florida; mortality, 1894-95; m413.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt., Hamburg; 65-66, 113, 115, 128-131.)
x	*	1930	Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt., Hamburg; 362-364.)
x		1931	Brimley, H.H. (TML; in capt., North Carolina; 321.)
x		1935	Sowerby, A. de C. (DD; China; m82.)
x		1940	Cahn, A.R. (TML; Florida; 222-223.)
x		1941a	Gunter, G. (TML; Florida; 64.)
x		1941b	Gunter, G. (TM; Texas & Louisiana; m13.)
x		1941	Hamilton, W.J., Jr. (TML; Florida; winter mortality; 690-691.)
x		1942	Gunter, G. (TML; Florida; 89.)
x		1943	Krumholz, L.A. (TML; Florida; 272-273.)
x		1948	Cahalane, V.H. (TML; Florida Everglades; 258.)
x		1951a	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; effects on movements & behavior; 11-12, 14-15.)
x		1951b	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; use of warm-water sources, 25; winter mortality, 34-35.)
x	*	1953	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; 120-121, 156.)
x		1954	Lawrence, J.E. (TML; Florida; 403.)
x		1955	Severin, K. (TML; Florida; m148-149.)
x	*	1956	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; 2, 5-6, 10.)
x		1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; Sri Lanka; temperature tolerance; 2.)
x		1962	Marlow, B.J. (DD; New South Wales; 433.)
x	*	1965	Layne, J.N. (TML; Florida; 166-168.)
x	*	1967	Browder, J. (TML; Florida; weed control; warming stations; 4.)
x		1967	MacLaren, J.P. (Trichechus; Panama; m392.)
x		1971b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; North Pacific; evolution; 218.)
x		1972a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 21-22.)
x		1974	Addicott & Greene (Hydrodamalis; paleoclimatic significance; 251-252.)
x	*	1974a	Dekker, D. (TMM; shipboard transport; 68-69.)
x	*	1974a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; movements & use of warm-water refugia; 9-30, 63-201, 221.)
x		1977b	Domning, D.P. (effects on North Pacific sir. evolution; 352-362.)
x		1978	Irvine & Campbell (TML; Florida; use of warm-water sources; 615-616.)
x		1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; natural thermal refugia; 133.)
x	*	1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; use of warm-water refugia, 17-27; effect on respiration rate, 82; mortality, 123.)
x		1980	Irvine et al. (TML; Florida; weight loss & gain in capt.; 7-8.)
x		1981	Asper & Searles (TML; in capt., Florida; decline in food consumption; 124.)
x		1981	Best, R.C. (Trichechus; effects on digestion rate; 21.)
x		1981	Brownell, Ralls & Reeves (TML; Florida; review; 8-9.)
x	*	1981	Campbell & Irvine (TML; Florida; winter mortality, 1976-77; 86-91.)
x		1981	Irvine, Odell, & Campbell (TML; Florida; winter mortality, 1974-77; 69-70.)
x		1981	Powell & Waldron (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; 41-46.)
x		1981	Rose, P.M. (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1977-78; 22-24.)
x		1982a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; seasonal movements; 80, 82.)
x		1982	Bengtson, J.L. (TML; St. Johns R., Florida; movements; 4668.)
x		1982	Rathbun et al. (TML; Georgia; use of warm-water effluent; 153-154, 164.)
x	*	1983	Gallivan et al. (TI; thermoregulation; 255-262.)
x	*	1983	Irvine, A.B. (TML; Florida; metabolism & distr.; 315-334.)
x		1983	Kinnaird & Valade (TML; Florida; use of power-plant effluents; 1-24.)
x		1983a	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; Florida; effects on distr.; 9-10, 13, 16, 25, 29, 34, 40, 48.)
x		1983	Kochman et al. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; seasonal use; 108-110, 116-121.)
x		1983a	Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; use of warm-water sources; pop. acc.; 40-44.)
x		1983	Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; 3-7.)
x		1984	Buergelt et al. (TML; Florida; necropsy findings, winter kills; 1332-1334.)
x		1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; seasonal breeding; 781-782.)
x		1984	Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida; use of power-plant effluent; 24-31, 42-46.)
x		1984	Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; use of power-plant effluents; 180-187.)
x		1985	Kochman et al. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; temporal & spatial distr.; 921-924.)
x	*	1985	O'Shea, Beck et al. (TML; Florida; winter mortality due to hypothermia; 3-7.)
x		1985	Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida; use of power-plant effluent; 1-20.)
x		1985	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1982-83; 413-422.)
x		1986a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; seasonal movements; 476, 480-489.)
x		1986	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; South Carolina; winter kill; 6.)
x		1986	Packard et al. (TML; Ft. Myers, Florida; use of power-plant effluent; 265-275.)
x		1986	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1984-85; 103-113.)
x		1987	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia; pop. acc.; 263-269.)
x		1989	Baugh et al. (TML; Cumberland Sound, Florida & Georgia; use of warm-water refugia; 88-89.)
x		1989	Lefebvre et al. (TM; effects on biogeography; 590-591.)
x	*	1989	Packard et al. (TML; Florida; response to interruption of thermal effluent; 692-700.)
x		1989	Palmer, D. (TML; Georgia; construction of artificial warm-water refugium; 7.)
x		1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; 119-121.)
x		1993	Savinetsky, A.B. (HG; Bering Is.; effects on population size; 403-405.)
		1993	Steele & Kuhl (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; warm-water refugia)
x		1994	Anderson, P.K. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; distr. in winter; 381-388.)
x		1994	Garrott et al. (TML, Florida; use of power plants, 1977-1992; 642-654.)
x		1994	Marsh et al. (DD; Shark Bay, Australia; seasonal differences in distr.; 149-161.)
x		1995	Preen & Marsh (DD; New South Wales, Australia; deaths from cold; 513-514.)
x		1997	Preen et al. (DD; Western Australia; 191, 193, 195, 201-202.)
x		1998	Axis-A. et al. (TMM; Mexico; slight effect of temperature on distr.; 801.)
	*	2002	Wright et al. (TML; Tampa Bay, Florida; 1987-94; 259-274.)
		2003	Bossart, Meisner et al. (TML; cold stress syndrome)
x	*	2004	Ortiz & Worthy (TM; body fat & cold susceptibility of calves; 176-183.)
		2005a	Laist & Reynolds (TML; Florida; effects of warm-water refuges)
	*	2005b	Laist & Reynolds (TML; Florida; future of warm-water refuges)
		2005	Lanyon, Johns & Sneath (DD; Queensland)
		2010	Alvarez-A. et al. (TML; Cuba; use of power plant)
		2010	Swain & Decker (TM; simulating coastal wetland temperature)
		2011	Gramling, C. (Eoc. sea temperatures reflected in sir. teeth)
	*	2011	Slone, D. (TML; Florida; inverted haloclines as warm-water refugia)
		2011	Stith et al. (TML; southwest Florida; warm-water refugia; temperature-inverted haloclines)
		2011	Donà et al. (TML; papillomatosis)
		2012	Gerlach et al. (TML; cold stress lesions)
	*	2012	Bonde, Mignucci-Giannoni, & Bossart (pathology & mortality assessment)
		2012	Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.)
		2013	Edwards, H. H. (TML; potential impacts of climate change)
	*	2013	Laist et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuges & cold stress)
		2014	Kleen & Breland (TML; Citrus County & Kings Bay, Florida; seasonal use of warm-water refuge)
		2017	Slone et al. (TML; Florida; warm-water refuge use; GPS telemetry)
	*	2017	Gaudry et al. (HG & other sirs.; lack of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis)
		2018	Carr& Milstein (TML; Florida; power plants as thermal refuges)
	*	2019	Hardy et al. (TML; Florida; cold-related mortality)
		2019	Littles et al. (TML; Florida; movements in and out of winter refuge)
	*	2019	Martony et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome)
		2019	Martony, Isaza et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome; measurement of core body temperature)
	*	2020	Haase et al. (TML; Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints)

Teratology ( 2 )
x	1919	Anon. (TI; supposed possession of "two distinct stomachs"; 46.)
x	1986	Watson & Bonde (TML; ectrodactyly & cleft hand; 294-301.)

Texas ( 27 )
x			1884b	True, F.W. ("South American manatee"; 115.)
x			1941a	Gunter, G. (TM; 61-64.)
x			1941b	Gunter, G. (TML; 12-13.)
x			1942	Gunter, G. (TM; 89.)
x			1943	Lowery, G.H., Jr. (TML; 253-254.)
x	D		1944	Stenzel & Turner (?Desmostylus; 289.)
	D		1944	Stenzel et al.
x			1949	Sprunt, A., Jr. (TM; 288.)
x			1951a	Moore, J.C. (TMM; subspecific identity, movements; 12, 16, 18.)
x	D		1958	Floyd et al. (?Desmostylus; 160-161.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell & Repenning (?Desmostylus; 10.)
			1966	Pearsall, J.
	D	*	1976	Reinhart, R.H. ("Desmostylus" probably proboscidean; 286-287.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (indeterminate sir.; Eoc., Zapata Co.; 4, 6, 8.)
x			1984	Powell & Rathbun (TM; 2, 6, 18.)
x			1988a	O'Shea, T.J. (TM; 187, 199.)
x			1990	Fernandez & Jones (TM; 103.)
			1990	Westgate, J.W. (Middle Eoc., Webb Co.)
x			1995	Schiro & Fertl (TM; Galveston Bay; 4-5.)
x			1996	Russel, M. (TM; Houston; rescue; 18-19.)
x			1996	Schiro et al. (TM; 28-29.)
x			1997	Jefferson & Baumgardner (TM; specimens in Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection; 106.)
x			2000	Cowan, D.F. (TM; Calhoun Co.; stranding; 5.)
x			2001	Baumgardner & Brooks (TM; Aransas Co.; 292-294.)
x			2005	Brant, Joel G.; Jones, Clyde (?TMM; 3.)
		*	2005	Fertl et al. (TM)
		*	2020	Bell et al. (TM & TM bakerorum; Pleist.)

Thalattosiren petersi (Abel, 1904) Sickenberg, 1928 ( 12 )
	*	1928	Sickenberg, O. (n.comb.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 424, 427, 431-433, 441, 443-445, 451, 456, 468, 475-479, 495, 499.)
x		1949	Thenius, E. (Czechoslovakia; in faunal list; m162-163.)
x	*	1952	Thenius, E. (Czechoslovakia; new material, nomenclature; 33-36, 109-113.)
x		1953	Zapfe, H. (m14.)
x		1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 68.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium calvertense; 73, 78, 83.)
x		1974	Fondi & Pacini (m47.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 9.)
x		1991	Piller & Vávra ("Thalatosiren"; Middle Mioc., Austria; m189.)
x		1996	Piller et al. ("Thalatosiren"; Middle Mioc., Austria; m16.)
	*	2013	Domning & Pervesler (syn. of Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., Central Europe)

Thalattosiren Sickenberg, 1928 ( 12 )
	*	1928	Sickenberg, O. (n.gen.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 152-154, pl. 6.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
x		1951	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Haplosiren; 438-441.)
x		1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (comp. w/ Metaxytherium medium; 184.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 577-579.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-380.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (comp. w/ Haplosiren, 208; w/ Metaxytherium, 223.)
x		1987b	Domning, D.P. (possibly synonymous with Halianassa Studer; 123.)
x		1991	Czyzewska & Radwanski (Middle Mioc., Poland; 184-185, 188.)
		1992	Wolsan, M. (Middle Mioc., Poland)
	*	2013	Domning & Pervesler (syn. of Metaxytherium; Middle Mioc., Central Europe)

Thalattosiren studeri (von Meyer, 1838) Thenius, 1952 ( 2 )
x	*	1952	Thenius, E. (n.comb.; 111, 113.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (m208.)

Thelriope capgrandi (Lartet, 1866) Pilleri, 1987 ( 1 )
		*	1987	Pilleri, G. (n.comb.)

Thelriope Pilleri, 1987 ( 2 )
	*	1987	Pilleri, G. (n.gen.; replacement name for Rytiodus)
x		1989c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Rytiodus; 417.)

Thelriopiinae Pilleri, 1987 ( 2 )
	*	1987	Pilleri, G. (new subfamily; replacement name for Rytiodontinae)
x		1989c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Rytiodontinae; 417.)

Thermoregulation ( 25 )
(SEE ALSO: Temperature, Effects of)
x	*	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, Trichechus; 58.)
x		1939	Coates, C.W. (TI; in capt., New York; preference for warm water; 143.)
x		1943	Krumholz, L.A. (TML; Florida; 272-273.)
x		1951b	Moore, J.C. (TML; ?sunbathing at surface; 32.)
x	*	1952	Dekeyser, P.L. (TS; rectal temperatures; 243-246.)
	*	1969	Elsner, R.
		1973	Irving, L.
x	*	1976	Allen et al. (DD; rectal temperatures; 38.)
x		1977b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolution; 355-359.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; 131-132, 141-142.)
x		1979a	Farmer et al. (TI; rectal temperatures; 232-233, 235.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 23-25, 40-41.)
x		1979	Tas'an et al. (DD; rectal temperatures; 10, 23, 27.)
x	*	1983	Gallivan et al. (TI; measurements of core temperature; 255-262.)
x	*	1983	Irvine, A.B. (TML; metabolism & distr. in Florida; 315-334.)
x		1983a	Shane, S.H. (TML; Florida; use of warm-water sources & ?sunbathing at surface; pop. acc.; 40-44.)
x		1985	Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Florida; ?sunbathing; 17.)
x		1987	Whittow, G.C. (TI; 222, 224, 226-228, 230, 237.)
x		1989	Packard et al. (TML; Florida; ?basking in sun; 699.)
	*	2001	Rommel et al. (TML; veins of reproductive system)
		2003	Rommel & Caplan (TML; tail; vascular adaptations for heat conservation)
	*	2017	Gaudry et al. (HG & other sirs.; lack of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis)
		2019	Martony, Isaza et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome; measurement of core body temperature)
	*	2020	Haase et al. (TML; Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints)
	*	2022	Le Duc et al. (HG; genetics, integument)

Tooth Replacement ( 50 )
x			1820a	Home, E. (DD; tusks, 146-149, 153, pls. 12-14; lower incisors, 153-154, pl. 14.)
x			1820b	Home, E. (DD; 315-316.)
x			1838a	Owen, R. (DD; 42-44.)
			1852	Owen, R.
x			1857	Jäger, G. (TM; Suriname; 92-94.)
			1862a	Krauss, C.F.F.
x			1875b	Owen, R. (Prorastomus; 566.)
		*	1886a	Hartlaub, C. (Trichechus)
x			1893	Howes & Harrison (DD, Trichechus; 790.)
x		*	1896	Kükenthal, W. (TM; embryonic dentition; 513-526.)
		*	1897	Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus)
x			1898	Thomas & Lydekker (Trichechus; 814.)
x			1904	Thomas, O. (Trichechus; comp. w/ Peradorcas; 226-227.)
x		*	1906	Abel, O. (fossil sirs. & DD; 50-52, 59-60.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (Halitherium antillense, etc.; 28-29.)
		*	1918b	Aichel, O.
x		*	1921a	Marcus, H. (TS; 574-586, pls. 18-19.)
x			1921b	Marcus, H. (TI, TS; number of teeth; 154-156.)
x			1924	Andrews, C.W. (sir.-proboscidean similarities; 305-308.)
x	D		1924	Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus, Cornwallius; 1-8.)
x			1926	Aichel, O. (Trichechus; 43.)
x			1927	Brash, J.C. (TM; evidence of alveolar septal reworking; 19-20.)
x			1931	Sickenberg, O. (suppression of premolars; 428-431.)
			1936	Colyer, F.
x			1941	Hamilton, W.J., Jr. (TML; Florida; 691.)
x		*	1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (Trichechus; 1-15.)
x		*	1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (DD; 1-8.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (evolution; 4-7, 12.)
x			1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; said to be "completely toothless" in old age; 188.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (Trichechus, Potamosiren; 206-207.)
x			1951	Wegner, R.N. (role of dental capsule; 76-81.)
x		*	1953	Brash, J.C. (TS, ?TM, DD; alveolar septal reworking; 462-476.)
x		*	1953	Fernand, V.S.V. (DD; Sri Lanka; 139-147, pls. 28-30.)
x			1953	Pascual, R. (Ribodon; 175-177.)
x		*	1955	Dekeyser, P.L. (TS; 921-925.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L.
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (fossil & Recent sirs.; 81-82.)
x			1970	Scheffer, V.B. (DD; 187.)
x			1977	Domning & Magor (TI; rates & patterns; 435-438.)
x			1980	Miller et al. (TML; role of transseptal periodontal fibers; 128.)
x		*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (trichechids, diet & evolution, 601, 603, 607-611, 613-616; Trichechus, cheek-tooth homologies, 607-608.)
x			1983a	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus; pop. acc.; 8, 10-11.)
x		*	1984	Domning & Hayek (TI; rates, patterns, causes; 105-127.)
x			1985	Fortelius, M. (Trichechus; functional significance; 11, 65.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (evolution in trichechids; 389-391.)
x			1999	Walker & Macko (TM; implications for sampling isotopes in teeth; 326-327.)
			2004	MacFadden et al. (TML; in capt.; shed teeth collected)
		*	2008	Asher & Lehmann (dental eruption in afrotheres)
x			2011	Gomes R. et al. (TM, TS; horizontal tooth replacement; 1-5.)
			2012	Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development)

Toxodon Owen, 1840 ( 1 )
x			1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (referred to the Sirenia; 218-219, 221.)

Trachypleurotherium Dilg, 1909 ( 4 )
	*	1909	Dilg, C. (n.gen.; Par , Brazil; nomen nudum; m84, 90, pl. 12.)
x		1967a	Paula Couto, C. de (probable horizon; considered nomen nudum; 16.)
x		1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (probable horizon; considered nomen nudum; 345.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (probable horizon; considered nomen nudum; 600.)

Trachytherium Gervais, 1849 ( 5 )
	*	1849-50	Gervais, F.L.P. (n.gen.)
x		1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 92.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (?syn. of Rytiodus; m224.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m481.)
		2014	Voss, M.

Trachytherium raulinii Gervais, 1849 ( 3 )
	*	1849-50	Gervais, F.L.P. (n.gen.n.sp.)
x		1866	Lartet, E. (m684.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)

Traditional Significance: Traditional Significance: SEE Economic Uses; Hunting and Capture; Medicinal Applications; Religious, Superstitious, or Ornamental Use or Observance ( 0 )

Trichechidae Gill, 1872 (1821) ( 13 )
x	*	1872a	Gill, T. (n.fam.; in classification; 14, 91.)
x		1872b	Gill, T. (m301.)
x		1873	Gill, T. (phylogeny; 272-273.)
x		1884a	True, F.W. (in classification; 588.)
x		1932c	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 281.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 155.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 136, 251.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (phylogeny; 203, 208-211.)
x		1955	Miller & Kellogg (in classification; 790.)
		1959	Reinhart, R.H. (phylogeny)
x		1968	Rice & Scheffer (in classification; 6.)
x	*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (origin & evolution; 599-619.)
	*	2021	Souza et al. (mitogenomes; evolutionary history)

Trichechiformes Hay, 1923 ( 6 )
x	*	1923a	Hay, O.P. (new suborder; 109.)
x		1924	Hay, O.P. (m7.)
x		1932c	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 281.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (in classification; 378-379.)

Trichechinae (Gill, 1872 [1821]) Domning, 1994 ( 4 )
	*	1994b	Domning, D.P. (new rank)
x		1997a	Domning, D.P. (fossil record & evolution; 383-391.)
		2016	Antoine et al. (Peru; early Mioc.)
	*	2021	Souza et al. (mitogenomes; evolutionary history)

Trichechoidea Gill, 1872 ( 3 )
x	*	1872a	Gill, T. (new superfamily; in classification; 91.)
x		1872b	Gill, T. (m301.)
x		1873	Gill, T. (phylogeny; 273.)

Trichechus aequatorialis (Lacépède, 1799) Hatt, 1934 ( 2 )
x	*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (n.comb. [lapsus?]; syn. of T. senegalensis; 537.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of T. senegalensis; 382.)

Trichechus amazonius Shaw, 1800 ( 5 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G. (n.sp.)
		1818	Olfers, I.
x	*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. m. manatus; type locality restricted; 536.)
x		1959	Hershkovitz, P. (syn. of T. m. manatus; 342.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of T. inunguis in part, 309; of T. m. manatus in part, 310.)

Trichechus americanus Link, 1795 ( 4 )
	*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.sp.)
x	*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. m. manatus; type locality restricted; 535-536.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of T. inunguis in part, 309; of T. m. manatus in part, 310.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of T. manatus; 381.)

Trichechus antillarum Link, 1795 ( 4 )
	*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.sp.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. m. manatus; 535.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of T. m. manatus; 310.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (m125.)

Trichechus antiquus (Leidy, 1856) Hay, 1902 ( 6 )
x	*	1902	Hay, O.P. (n.comb.; 583.)
x		1919	Hay, O.P. (Pleist., Florida; 109-110, pl. 26.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. (m232.)
x	*	1926	Allen, G.M. (referred to Halitherium; 455.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m421.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (specimen of Hay [1919] considered Subrecent TM; 604-605.)

Trichechus australis (Gmelin, 1788) Shaw, 1800 ( 6 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G. (n.comb.)
x		1838	Diesing, C.M. (parasites Lobocephalus heterolobus & Amphistoma fabaceum; m189.)
x		1850	Wyman, J. (syn. of Manatus Senegalensis; m45.)
		1894b	Rhoads, S.N. ([= TM])
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. senegalensis; 537.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m208.)

Trichechus australis Retzius, 1794 ( 1 )
		*	1794	Retzius, A.J. (n.sp.)

Trichechus borealis (Gmelin, 1788) Shaw, 1800 ( 4 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G. (n.comb.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m279.)
x		1883	Stejneger, L. (syn. of Rytina gigas; m78.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 75, 93.)

Trichechus clusii (Pennant, 1793) Shaw, 1800 ( 5 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G. (n.sp.)
		1818	Olfers, I.
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. manatus; 536.)
x		1959	Hershkovitz, P. (syn. of T. m. manatus; 342.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of T. m. manatus; 310.)

Trichechus dugon Müller, 1776 ( 11 )
x	*	1776	Müller, P.L.S. ("Trichecus dugon"; n.sp.; 21-22.)
x		1780	Zimmermann, E.A.W. ("Trichechus (Dugung)"; diagnosis & distr.; 425.)
		1795	Forster, J.R.
		1798?	Cuvier, G.
x		1808	Tiedemann, F. ("T. dugong"; syn. of Dugungus indicus; m554.)
x		1820	Diard & Duvaucel ("trichecus dugong"; anatomy; 159-160.)
x		1821	Gray, J.E. ("T. dugong"; in classification; 309.)
		1824	Desmoulins, A.
x		1964	Johnson, D.H. (syn. of Dugong dugon; 506.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (m578.)
x		1981	Strahan, R. (Malay and Latin names; 33.)

Trichechus exunguis (Natterer in Diesing, 1839) Stunkard, 1929 ( 3 )
x	*	1929	Stunkard, H.W. (n.comb.; trematodes; 254.)
x	*	1981c	Domning, D.P. (suppression of name proposed; 130-132.)
x		1982	Domning, Rice et al. (syn. of T. inunguis; nomen oblitum; m305.)

Trichechus giganteus (DeKay, 1842) Case, 1904 ( 2 )
x	*	1904	Case, E.C. (n.comb.; Mioc., Maryland; 56-57, pl. 26.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (review, 66; m83.)

Trichechus hesperamazonicus Perini et al., 2020 ( 1 )
		*	2020	Perini et al. (n.sp.; Pleist., Brazil)

Trichechus hydropithecus Shaw, 1800 ( 1 )
		*	1800	Shaw, G. (n.sp.; nomen nudum)

Trichechus inornatus (Leidy, 1873) Hay, 1902 ( 3 )
x	*	1902	Hay, O.P. (n.comb.; 584.)
x	*	1926	Allen, G.M. (synonymized with Halitherium antiquum; 455.)
x		1989c	Domning, D.P. (considered nomen dubium; 416.)

Trichechus inunguis (Natterer in von Pelzeln, 1883) Thomas and Lydekker, 1897 ( 307 )
			1541	SEE Carvajal, G. de, 1934.
			1768	SEE Noronha, J.M. de, 1856.
			1786	SEE Rodriguez Ferreira, A., 1903.
x	v	*	1809a	Cuvier, G. (French Guiana; external morphology, 283-285; skeleton, 285-293, pl. 19.)
x	v		1813	Ulloa, A. de (Marañon R.; 513.)
x	v		1829	Maw, H.L. (Peru/Brazil border; 237-239.)
x	v		1836	Smyth & Lowe (Sarayacu, Peru; 197, 242-243.)
x	v		1847	Edwards, W.H. (Amazonia; 187-188.)
x	v		1850	Sampaio, F.X.R. de (Rio Branco, Brazil; m259.)
x	v		1851	Warren, J.E. (Brazil; 149.)
x	v		1853	Herndon, W.L. (Peru, 158, 163-164, 200; Brazil, 300, 319, 365.)
x	v		1853	Wallace, A.R. (Amazonia; 185-187, 458-461.)
x	v		1854	Gibbon, L. (Madeira R., Brazil; "few" taken; m309.)
x	v		1863	Bates, H.W. (Amazonia; 2: 165.)
x	v		1869	Marcoy, P. (Amazonia; hunting, etc.; 1: 671-673, 2: 149-157, 202-204.)
x	v		1872	Kingston, W.H.G. (Amazonia; predation by jaguar; 184-190.)
x	v		1874	Heriarte, M. de (Gurup & Trombetas R., Brazil; ca. 1662; 29-30, 39.)
x	v		1875	Marcoy, P. (Amazonia; hunting, etc.; 2: 42, 45, 187-194, 235-237.)
x	v		1875	Wilder, B.G. (Peru; fetus; 105-106, 108-109, 112-114.)
x	v		1876	Orton, J. (Amazonia; 215, 299, 477.)
x	v		1878	Brown & Lidstone (Brazil; Jamaraqua, 175-176; in capt., Manaus, 395-396.)
		*	1897	Thomas & Lydekker (n.comb.)
x	v		1900	Anchieta, J. de ("Trichechus, manatus borealis"; Brazil; gen. acc.; 11-12.)
			1904-05	Trouessart, E.-L.
x	v		1907	Wilder, B.G. (fetus; 663.)
x	v		1908	Wilder, B.G. (fetus; 825.)
x	v		1914	Fountain, P. (Amazonia; 303-304.)
x			1917	Fairchild, D. (m339.)
x		*	1924-25	Vosseler, J. (in capt.; historical records, 60-63, 130; in Hamburg, 63-67, 113-133, 167-180, 213-230.)
x	v		1926	MacCreagh, G. (Uaupés R. area, Brazil; 277, facing 309, 313, 323-324.)
x	v		1926	Schurz, W.L. (Brazil; 2 photos of carcasses; 449-450.)
x			1930	Vosseler, J. (in capt., Hamburg; 362-364.)
x	v		1931	Moraes, R. (mixira; 67.)
x	v		1933	Rusby, H.H. (Madeira R., Brazil; 324-325.)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (distr., 538; skeleton, 539-554, 560-561.)
x	v		1937	Orico, O. (Brazil; legends; 190-191.)
x			1938	Oldham et al. (in capt., Chicago, m27; hypophysis, 27-32.)
x		*	1939	Coates, C.W. (in capt., New York; 141-148.)
x	v		1939	Wavrin, M. de (Amazonia; hunting; 194-196.)
x			1940	Coates, C.W. (in capt., New York; 99-100.)
x	v		1940	Machado, F. de P. (Brazil; use of meat & hide; conservation; breeding in winter; 246.)
x			1941a	Gunter, G. ("Texas"; m61.)
x			1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 3.)
x			1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 1-2, 8.)
x	v		1941-43	Pereira, M.N. (Brazil; econ. use; 100-102, 153-154, 218, 65.)
x	v		1943	Jobim, J. (Brazil; use for tinted hides; 178.)
x	v		1944	Morais Rêgo, A.R. de (natural history, hunting, econ. use; 10-12.)
x		*	1944	Pereira, M.N. ("T. manatus"; natural history; 21-94.)
x	v		1945	Paiva, M. (pop. acc.; 35-36.)
x			1945	Santos, E. (Brazil; hunting, econ. use; 155-159.)
x			1946	Slijper, E.J. (spinal column & muscles; 42-43, 47, 53, 73-78, tabs. 3, 5, 6.)
x			1948	Mendes, A. ("T. manatus"; Brazil; hunting, econ. use; 325-327.)
x			1949	Vieira, C.O.C. (Juru R., Brazil; 241, 268-269.)
x			1951	Fernand, V.S.V. (pituitary, comp. w/ DD; 58-59.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m208.)
x	v		1954	Aragão, A. de ("Manatus"; Brazil; hunting; 54-56.)
x			1954	Gunter, G. (m544.)
x			1954	Lawrence, J.E. (m402.)
x	v		1954	Pereira, M.N. (conservation; m269, m271.)
x			1956	Moore, J.C. (hunting, m1-2; floating, m17-18.)
x	v		1956	Pereira, M.N. (Marajó, Brazil; 68.)
x	v		1957	Meggers & Evans (hunting & trading by Amazonian Indians; m570.)
x			1961	Cabrera, A. (synonymy; 309-310.)
x			1962	Bertram & Bertram (Amazon basin; status; 1329.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (Takatu R., Guyana)
			1963	Freundt de Castro, E.
x			1965	Ruschi, A. (supposed occurrence in Espirito Santo, Brazil; 30.)
			1967	Ihering, R. von (Brazil; hunting, vernacular names.)
x			1967	Browder, J. (m5.)
x			1967	Carvalho, J.C. de M. (Brazil; exploitation; 25-27, 31, 33.)
x			1967	Feriz, H. (clay model, Brazil; 373-374.)
x			1967	MacLaren, J.P. (from Peru; used for weed control in Panama; 388.)
x	v		1967	Pereira, M.N. (Rio Branco, Brazil, 23; Indian legend, 467.)
x	v		1967	Salles, W.B. de (pop. acc.; 124-127.)
x	v		1968b	Anon. (in capt., San Francisco; 2-3.)
			1968	Garibaldi, L.
x			1968	Grimwood, I.R. (Peru; status & exploitation; 418.)
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr.; 6.)
x			1969	Carvalho & Toccheton (Brazil; 224.)
x		*	1969	Frye & Herald (in capt., San Francisco; treatment for osteomyelitis; 1073-1076.)
x			1969	Grimwood, I.R. (Peru; status & exploitation; 61.)
x	v		1969	Herald, E.S. (in capt., San Francisco & Pittsburgh; 29-30.)
x		*	1969	Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 3, 14-16.)
x		*	1970	Evans & Herald (in capt., San Francisco; vocalizations; 820-823.)
x		*	1970	Loughman et al. (chromosomes; 151-152, pl. 49.)
x	v		1970	Schreider & Schreider (in capt., Leticia, Colombia; 142.)
x			1971	Jones, M.L. (in capt.; 85.)
x	v		1971	Lima, D.C. (Itacoatiara, Brazil; meat exported, 1968; 7.)
x			1972	Blessing et al. ("T. manatus inunguis"; spleen; 166-171, 173-178, 182-188, 190, 193, 195-203.)
x			1972	Blessing, M.H. ("T. manatus inunguis"; myoglobin concentrations; 475-479.)
x			1972	Coimbra-Filho, A.F. (Brazil; status; 82-87.)
			1972	Mittermeier, R.A.
x			1973a	Anon. (Guyana; weed control; 5.)
x			1973	Bertram & Bertram (distr. & status, 317-318; econ. use, 322-324.)
x			1973	Lewis & Wilson (plasma fibrinogen; 421-422.)
			1973	Mossman & Duke (ovary)
x			1973	Pine, R.H. (Belém, Brazil; 74.)
x		*	1973	Sonoda & Takemura (vocalizations; 19-24.)
x			1974	Bertram, G.C.L. (conservation; 7, 14, 19.)
x			1974	Hawrylyshyn, G. (Brazil; 20.)
x			1974	Mondolfi, E. (Venezuela; probably absent from lower Orinoco R.; 5-6, 15.)
x			1975	Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (in capt., Brazil; 223-226.)
			1976	Miranda Neto, M. J. (Brazil, Ilha do Marajó.)
x			1976	Boever et al. (Mycobacterium infection; 927-929.)
x			1976	Campbell, H.W. (gen. acc.; 1, 7.)
x			1976	Mármol B., A.E. (Peru; food plants; 31-32.)
x			1976	Neville et al. (Samiria R. area, Peru; 155.)
x			1977	Boever et al. (in capt.; trematode Chiorchis; 5-6.)
x			1977	Domning & Magor (tooth replacement; 435-438.)
x			1977a	Domning, D.P. (myology, comp. w/ DD; 10-14, 17, 25-26, 29.)
x			1977c	Domning, D.P. (in capt., Manaus, Brazil; sold as pets to private owners; 3.)
x			1977	Farmer & Bonaventura (hemoglobin; 916.)
x			1977	Lovisek, J. (conservation; pop. acc.; 62-64.)
x	v		1977	Meggers, B.J. (raising for meat proposed; 49.)
x			1977	Van Bree & Duguy (Ucayali R., Peru; 292.)
x		*	1977	Whitehead, P.J.P. (?earliest account that of Carvajal; 169-170.)
			1978	Boever, W.J. (Mycobacterium infections)
x		*	1978a	Domning, D.P. (myology; 1-81.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (m30.)
x			1979	Best & Silva (Brazil; research; pop. acc.; 26-27, 29.)
x		*	1979a	Farmer et al. (hemoglobin & whole blood properties; 231-238.)
x			1979	Hartman, D.S. (in capt., San Francisco; food consumption; 54.)
x			1979	Mok & Best (skin fungus; 79-82.)
x			1980	Ayres & Best (Brazil; conservation; 83-85, 90-92.)
x			1980	Banks da Rocha, N. (in key; 147-148.)
x			1980	Bullock et al. (hearing; evoked brain potentials; 130-133.)
x			1980	De Jong & Zweers (eye-lens proteins & phylogeny; 897-202.)
x			1980	Domning, D.P. (food position preference; 544-547.)
x		*	1980	Gallivan & Best (metabolism & respiration; 245-253.)
x		*	1980	Gallivan, G.J. (respiratory control; 254-261.)
x			1980	Domning & Myrick (tetracycline marking of rib; 203-207.)
x			1981	Best, R.C. (diet & nutrition; 3-4, 7-13, 15, 18-24.)
x		*	1981a	Domning, D.P. (distr. near mouth of Amazon R.; hunting; 85-97.)
x			1981b	Domning, D.P. (Brazil; research; pop. acc.; 18-23.)
x		*	1981c	Domning, D.P. (suppression of synonym T. exunguis proposed; 130-132.)
x		*	1981	Montgomery et al. (Brazil; radiotracking & habitat use; 81-85.)
x			1981	Simpson & Paula Couto (Pleist., Brazil; 48-49, 69.)
x			1981a	Smith, N.J.H. (Brazil; econ. use; 184-186.)
x			1981b	Smith, N.J.H. (Itacoatiara, Brazil; 95-96.)
x			1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (nematode Heterocheilus; 310, 312.)
			1982	Sokolov, V.E. (skin)
x		*	1982a	Best, R.C. (seasonal breeding; 76-78.)
			1982b	Best, R.C.
x			1982	Best, Ribeiro et al. (feeding with artificial formula; 263-267.)
x			1982	Bullock et al. (auditory evoked potentials & ultrasonic vocalizations, comp. w/ TML; 548, 552.)
x			1982	De Jong & Goodman (eye-lens proteins & phylogeny; 261-269, 273.)
x		*	1982a	Domning, D.P. (Brazil; commercial exploitation; 101-126.)
x		*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (evolution; 600, 603-613, 615-616.)
x			1982	Domning, Rice et al. (distr. & status; 305-306.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr., 372, 380, 382; tail shape, 408.)
x			1982	Montgomery et al. (introduction of one individual into Panama Canal; m257.)
x		*	1983	Best, R.C. (dry-season fasting; 61-64.)
x			1983a	Domning, D.P. (tooth replacement; pop. acc.; 8, 10-11.)
x		*	1983	Gallivan et al. (thermoregulation; 255-262.)
x			1983	Irvine, A.B. (metabolism & body temperature range; 327-328.)
x			1983	Lainson et al. (protozoan Eimeria trichechi; 287-289.)
x		*	1983	Piggins et al. (eye & vision; 111-129.)
x			1984a	Best, R.C. (pop. acc.; 66-73.)
x			1984b	Best, R.C. (gen. acc.; 371-377.)
x		*	1984	Domning & Hayek (tooth replacement; 105-127.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (seasonal calving, comp. w/ DD; 781, 783.)
x			1984	Rainey et al. (molecular systematics; 586-587.)
x			1985	Morales et al. (in capt., San Francisco; Mycobacterium infection; 1230-1231.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (m209.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation; 87-144.)
x		*	1986	Gallivan & Best (feeding, fasting, metabolism, ventilation; 552-557.)
x		*	1986	Gallivan et al. (heart rates & gas exchange in diving; 415-423.)
x			1986	McLaren et al. (Brazil; specimens in Carnegie Museum; 293.)
x			1986	Miyamoto & Goodman (protein sequences & phylogeny; 230-240.)
x			1986	Morales, P. (in capt., San Francisco; food, pathology; 43-48.)
x			1986	Timm et al. (Ecuador; ecology, distr., status; 150-156.)
			1987	Piggins, D. (eyesight; pop. acc.)
x			1987	Colares & Colares (seasonal variation in food-plant abundance; 42-44.)
x			1987	Colares & Ferreira (intestinal blockage by polyp; pathological & normal blood values; 39.)
x			1987	Colares et al. (artificial milk formulas; 40-41.)
x			1987	Whittow, G.C. (thermoregulation; 222, 224, 226-228, 230, 237.)
x			1988	Assis et al. (cytogenetics; 41-50.)
x			1988	Fischer, M.S. (tympanic cavity, comp. w/ TM; 370.)
x			1988	Kleinschmidt et al. (hemoglobin; 507-512.)
x			1988	O'Shea et al. (absent from Venezuela, 282, 288; comp. w/ TM, 298.)
x			1989	Timm et al. (Ecuador; hunting techniques of Siona Indians; 1-7.)
			1990	Bernardes et al. (considered endangered in Brazil)
x			1990	Colares et al. (Manaus; care in capt.; 43-47.)
			1990	Klishin et al. (hearing)
x	v		1991b	Anon. (Brazil; conservation; 221.)
x		*	1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (location of centers of gravity & buoyancy; hydrostatic adaptations; cross-sectional anatomy; 339-340, 347-350, 352-356, 359-360, 362-363, 366-368.)
x			1991	Frey, R. ("Triechus"; skeleton & locomotor muscles; 279-282.)
			1991	Rosas et al. (Brazil)
			1991	Rosas, F.C.W. (Brazil)
			1992	Rodrigues, R. M. (Brazil.)
			1992	Colares & Colares (in capt.; food preferences)
			1992	Colares et al. (blood chemistry)
x			1992	Ketten et al. (ear & hearing, comp. w/ TML; 83, 89-91.)
x			1992	Marmontel et al. (reproductive biology; 295-312.)
			1992	Mukhametov et al. (sleep)
x			1992	Roth, V.L. (variation in tooth size, comp. w/ elephants; 194-195, 197.)
x			1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (status & conservation; 160.)
			1994	Montenegro-P., M.I.
x		*	1994	Rosas, F.C.W. (review of biology, conservation, & status; 49-59.)
x			1995	Anderson & Barclay (hearing & vocalizations, comp. w/ DD; 1234-1235.)
x			1995	Lanyon & Marsh (digesta passage times, comp. w/DD; 124-125.)
x			1996	Reeves et al. (Peru; distr. & status; 246-254.)
x			1996	Reynolds & Rommel (gastrointestinal tract, comp. w/ TML; 553-556.)
			1997	Friaes, P. (Brazil; hunting)
			1999	Rodriguez et al. (artificial milk formula)
			1999	Kendall, S. (Colombia; environmental education)
x			1999	Gerstein et al. (hearing, comp. w/ TML; 3580.)
x			1999	Rosas et al. (blood parameters & nutrition, wild & captive; 37-42.)
			2000	Colares et al. (seasonal variations in blood parameters)
			2000	Colares et al. (blood parameters)
			2001	IBAMA (Brazil; conservation action plan)
x			2002	Colares & Colares (Brazil; food plants; 67-72.)
			2003	Marshall et al. (orofacial morphology & feeding)
			2003	Kendall & Orozco (Colombia)
x			2003	Caldas, S.T. (Brazil; pop. acc.; 56.)
x			2003	Kendall, S. (Colombia; rehabilitation of calf; pop. acc.; 1-24.)
			2004	Kendall et al. (gen. acc.)
			2005	Vergara-Parente, J.E. (Brazil; rescue, rehabilitation, release)
x			2005	Siciliano & Franco (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; 35-36.)
			2005	Cantanhede et al. (phylogeography & population genetics)
			2006	D'Affonseca Neto & Vergara-P. (veterinary medicine)
			2007a	Borges et al. (Cryptosporidium)
			2007	Castelblanco-M. et al. (Rio Madeira, Brazil)
			2008	Rodrigues et al. (female reproductive anatomy)
			2008	Carter et al. (placentation)
			2008	Guterres et al. (potential food plants; identification manual)
			2009	Calvimontes, J. (Brazil; econ. use & conservation)
x			2009	Grandin, G. (Rio Tapajós, Brazil; 283.)
			2009	Amaral et al. (androgens)
			2010	Calvimontes & Marmontel (Brazil; ethnobiology)
x			2010b	Vergara-P. et al. (Brazil; length of "palmo", unit used by Amazonian hunters to measure manatee body lengths; 37-43.)
			2010	Denkinger, J. (Cuyabeno Reserve, Ecuador; status)
		*	2010	Pantoja et al. (urinary reference values)
			2010a	Vergara-P. et al. (Brazil; growth rates)
			2010	Lacreta et al. (radius fracture)
			2010	Arraut et al. (western Amazon, Brazil; seasonal migrations)
			2010	Amaral et al. (spermatozoa)
			2010	Amaral, Silva, & Rosas (morphometrics & body size estimation)
			2011	Emin-Lima et al. (Brazil; 52-53.)
			2011	Silva et al. (in capt., Brazil; skin lesions)
			2011	Ferreira et al. (forensic genetics)
			2011	Amaral et al. (in capt.; salivary testosterone concentrations)
			2011	Borges et al. (Brazil; Cryptosporidium)
			2011	Drummond et al. (in capt.; serum biochemical analytes)
			2012	Hoson et al. (fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
			2012	Satizabal et al. (TI, TMM; South America; phylogeography)
			2012	Guterres-Pazin et al. (ingestion of invertebrates, seeds, and plastic)
			2012	Kikuchi et al. (turning behavior; vision and tactile hairs)
			2012	Marmontel et al. (South America; distribution, status, & conservation)
x			2012	Appeltans et al. (distribution near Amazon River mouths; Table S2)
			2012	Perea-S. et al. (in capt., Peru; management & rehabilitation)
			2012	Mathews, Da Silva et al. (Brazil; Toxoplasma gondii & Leptospira spp. antibodies)
			2012	Domning, D.P. (in capt., INPA, Manaus, Brazil; history of project)
			2013	Amaral et al. (in capt.; endocrine monitoring of ovarian cycle)
			2013	Kendall, S. (Colombia; natural history, conservation)
		*	2013	Franzini et al. (TI; Urucú region, Brazil; traditional knowledge)
			2013	Barbosa et al. (in capt.; passage time of digesta)
			2013	Carmo et al. (changes in blood parameters after transport)
			2013	Kikuchi et al. (in capt., Brazil; behavior; acceleration data loggers)
			2013	Sousa et al. (TI, TMM; Marajó Island, Brazil; ecological knowledge of fishermen)
			2013	Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology)
x			2013	Senter & Snow (comp. w/ forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman"; Brazil; 257-262.)
			2013	Guterres-P. et al. (toxic plants in diet)
			2014	Guterres-P. et al. (Brazil; feeding ecology)
			2014	Amaral, Rosas, Graham et al. (luteinizing hormones & reproductive steroids in urine)
		*	2014	Lazzarini et al. (medical care)
			2015	Van Roosmalen, M.G.M. (comp. w/ Trichechus pygmaeus, n.sp.)
			2015	Castelblanco et al. (Colombia; conservation)
			2015	Mathews et al. (Peru; Leptospira infection)
			2015	Sidrim et al. (TMM; in capt.; Brazil; yeast microbiota)
			2015	Silva, Montes & Elias (Peru; conservation)
			2016	Arévalo-Sandi & Castelblanco-Martínez (Peru; interactions among calves in captivity)
		*	2016	Antunes et al. (Brazil; commercial exploitation, 1904-1969)
			2016	Guerra et al. (acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis)
			2016	Cosentino & Fisher (as bushmeat)
			2016	Sidrim et al. (in capt.; Candida spp. antifungal resistance & virulence)
			2016	Sousa, I. K. F., et al. (hematological & biochemical variables)
			2017	Carvalho et al. (mating herd)
			2017	Landeo et al. (Peru; captivity & release; behavior)
			2017	Arraut et al. (Brazil; migration routes & hydroelectric dams)
			2017	Borges, Lima, et al. (Brazil; Cryptosporidium, Giardia)
			2018	Borges et al. (diagnosis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia)
			2018	Reisfeld et al. (in capt.; cutaneous mycobacteriosis)
			2018	Hunter et al. (environmental DNA)
			2018	Souza, D. A., et al. (Brazil; captive-raised; reintroduction)
		*	2019	Silva et al. (manatee research project at INPA, Manaus, Brazil)
			2019	Crema, Da Silva, & Piedade (riverine people's knowledge; conservation)
			2019	El Bizri et al. (central Amazonia; meat consumption & trade)
		*	2019	Lima et al. (TI x TM hybrid zone near Amazon River mouth)
			2019	Vilaça et al. (TI x TM hybridization; French Guiana)
		*	2019	Crema et al. (Brazil; stable isotopes in bones, teeth, & milk; movements between habitats and water types)
			2020	Bonvicino et al. (South America; distribution)
		*	2020	Kendall, S.
		*	2020	Perini et al. (comp. w/Trichechus hesperamazonicus)
			2020	Maduro et al. (in capt.; fed with mothers' milk; metabolism)
			2021	Brum et al. (conservation; Amazonia)
			2021	Souza et al. (Central Amazon, Brazil; estimating occupancy and detection probability)
			2021	Valdevino et al. (estimating body length from bone measurements)
			2021	Souza et al. (mitogenomes; evolutionary history)
			2021	Correa Neto et al. (salmonellosis)
			2021	Emin-Lima, Costa et al. (near Belém, Brazil; historical records; mating activity)
			2021	Ruano et al. (Ecuador; population estimates)
			2021	Souza, D. A., et al. (pregnancy of released manatee)
		*	2021	Luna et al. (Brazil; genetics, population biology)
			2022	Carvalho, Marmontel et al. (resource use; 13C and 15N isotopic values)
			2022	Noronha, Almeida et al. (karyotype; hybridization w/TMM in Amazon estuary)
			2022	Rodrigues, Santos et al. (Leptospira, Brucella)

Trichechus inunguis koellikeri (Kükenthal, 1897) Derscheid, 1926 ( 1 )
		*	1926	Derscheid, J.M. (n.comb.)

Trichechus koellikeri (Kükenthal, 1897) Trouessart, 1905 ( 1 )
		*	1904-05	Trouessart, E.-L. (n.comb.)

Trichechus latirostris (Harlan, 1824) True, 1884 ( 41 )
		1873	Jordan, T.
x	*	1884a	True, F.W. (n.comb.; in classification; 588.)
x	*	1884b	True, F.W. (gen. acc.; 114-128.)
x		1895	Bangs, O. (Florida; 783-787.)
x		1900	Evermann, B.W. (Puerto Rico; m25.)
		1916	Nelson, E.W. (Florida)
x		1916	Stone & Cram (gen. acc.; 26-27.)
x		1917	Fairchild, D. (Florida; possible commercial exploitation for meat; 339.)
x		1919	Safford, W.E. (Miami, Florida; 423-424.)
x		1922	Parker, G.H. (respiration & diving; 128-135.)
x		1924-25	Vosseler, J. (in capt., historical records, 59-65, 130; body size, 167.)
x		1925	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium jordani; 62, 64-65, 67-69.)
x		1929	Stunkard, H.W. (trematodes; m255.)
x		1935a	Wislocki, G.B. (lungs; 385-396, pls. 1-2.)
x	*	1935b	Wislocki, G.B. (placentation; 159-178, pls. 1-7.)
x		1941a	Gunter, G. (Texas; 61.)
x		1941	Hamilton, W.J., Jr. (Florida; winter mortality; migration; tooth replacement; 687, 690-691.)
x		1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 4.)
x	*	1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2, 4-8.)
x		1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition, comp. w/ DD; 10.)
x		1941	Irving et al. (respiration; m151, m158, 166.)
x		1941	Scholander & Irving (respiration & diving; 169-191.)
x		1942a	Fawcett, D.W. (blood-vascular bundles; 105-133.)
x		1942b	Fawcett, D.W. (pachyostosis & hypothyroidism; 271-309.)
x		1942	Heuvelmans, B. (comp. w/ Prorastoma veronense; 5.)
x		1943	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 8-10.)
x		1948	Cahalane, V.H. (Florida Everglades; 258.)
x		1951	Bourlière, F. (submergence of 16 min.; 21.)
x		1951	Fernand, V.S.V. (pituitary, comp. w/ DD; 57-59.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m204, 207.)
x	*	1953	Quiring & Harlan (anatomy; 192-203.)
x		1954	Gunter, G. (m543.)
x		1955	Dekeyser, P.L. (teeth; 292.)
x		1955	Miller & Kellogg (syn. of T. manatus latirostris; 791.)
x		1955	Severin, K. (in capt.; pop. acc.; 147-149.)
x	*	1958	Tenney, S.M. (heart & electrocardiogram; 933-938.)
x		1963	Boyde & Stewart (tooth enamel; 1102-1103.)
x		1968	Rice & Scheffer (syn. of T. manatus; 12.)
x		1969	Allsopp, W.H.L. ("T. (manatus) latirostris"; weed control; 344-350.)
x		1982	Domning, Rice et al. (syn. of T. manatus; m306.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (in capt.; 412.)

Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 ( 141 )
		*	1738	Artedi, P.
x		*	1758	Linnaeus, C. (n.gen.; 34.)
x			1770	Alston, C. (petrous bones; medicinal use; 537-538.)
x	v	*	1782	Duhamel du Monceau, H.L. (stranded at Dieppe, France, 56-57; Brazil, Central America, & Antilles, hunting & econ. use, 56-59, pl. 13; ?Canada, 59.)
x	v	*	1809a	Cuvier, G. (history of study, 273-278; names, 278-280 ["trichecus", 279]; as "mermaids", 280-281; anatomy, 281-293, pl. 19; fetus, 284; Buffon's species, 293-294; comp. w/ HG, 296-299; w/ DD, 300-302; fossil "lamantins", 303, 305-310, pl. 19.)
x			1825a	Harlan, R. (m275; m278 [= Hydrodamalis].)
x	v		1837	Robert, C. (affinities w/ Deinotherium; m471.)
x	v	*	1838	Humboldt, A.v. (Orinoco R.; 3-10.)
x	v		1839a	Owen, R. (teeth, comp. w/ Basilosaurus; 35.)
x	v		1849	Agassiz, L. (affinities; 209.)
x	v		1862	Phillippo (heart; 684-685.)
x	v		1866	Lartet, E. (comp. w/ Rytiodus, m680; w/ unnamed sir., 683.)
x			1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 91.)
			1872	Peters, W.
x			1873	Gill, T. (phylogeny; 272.)
			1875	Wyman, J. (Florida; shell mounds)
x	v		1880	Delfortrie, E. (comp. w/ Rytiodus; 135-139, 141.)
x	v		1884	De Vis, C.W. (comp. w/ Chronozoon; 394.)
x	v		1885a	Woodward, H. (use of forelimbs in feeding, m458; ear ossicles, m462.)
x			1891	Flower & Lydekker (synonymy; m215.)
x	v		1893	Anon. (in capt., London; pop. acc.; 799-800.)
x	v		1893	Ober, F.A. (West Indies; sighted by Columbus; 236.)
x	v		1894	Dawson, G.M. (m156-157.)
x	v		1897	Anon. (attempts to import live specimens to England; 36.)
x	v		1898	Anderson, R.J. (manus; 766-767.)
x	v		1898	Thomas & Lydekker (tooth replacement; 814.)
x			1899	Palmer, T.S. (priority over Manatus; m494.)
x	v		1901	Broom, R. (ossification of caudal vertebrae; m739.)
x			1904	Case, E.C. ("Mioc." [actually Pleist.], Maryland; 57, pl. 26.)
x			1904	Thomas, O. (tooth replacement, comp. w/ Peradorcas; 226-227.)
x	v		1906b	Dexler & Freund (behavior & physiology; comp. w/ DD; 54-55, 57-62, 67-70.)
x	v		1908	Anderson, R.J. (parietal; 547.)
x	v		1908	Humphreys, J. (dentine; m8.)
x	v		1912	Rodway, J. (Guyana; superstition; 84.)
x	D		1915	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-389.)
x	v		1916	Lucas, F.A. (pop. acc.; 315-316, 318.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (comp. w/ Halitherium antillense; 24.)
x			1916	Miller, G.S., Jr. (Santo Domingo; at archeological site; 9.)
x	v		1917b	Anon. (raising for market; 454.)
x			1923a	Allen, G.M. (m232.)
x	v		1924	Andrews, C.W. (dentition; 306-307.)
x			1924	Thomas et al. (syn. of Manatus; 347.)
x			1925	ICZN (priority over Manatus; 38.)
x		*	1929	ICZN (priority over Manatus; 19.)
x			1929a	Simpson, G.G. (Pleist., Florida; 564.)
x			1931	Tate, G.H.H. (South America; hunting; 253.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (Pleist.-Rec., Florida, 419-424, 470; comp. w/ other sirs., 427, 431, 460, 463, 478, 482, 488-492, 495-499.)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (synonymy; West Africa; 533-566.)
x	v		1934a	Mortensen, T. (supposed occurrence at St. Helena; 417.)
x	v		1936	Kitching, G.C. (supposed occurrence at St. Helena; 33-34.)
x			1939	Gut, H.J. (Pleist., Florida; 50-53.)
x			1940	Pocock, R.I. (scapula, comp. w/ DD; 341, 343-345.)
x		*	1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 1-15.)
x		*	1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 1-11.)
x			1941c	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition, comp. w/ DD; 10-11, 13-14.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Sirenavus, 149; in classification, 154-155.)
x			1941a	Simpson, G.G. (etymology of word "manatee"; 14.)
x	v		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp.; 106-108, 111-113.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (evolution of dentition; 4, 6-11.)
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 136, 190.)
xv			1949	Negus, V. E. (larynx; 77.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (ancestry; 203-211.)
x		*	1952	Hemming, F. (priority over Manatus; 159-160.)
x			1953	Pascual, R. (comp. w/ Ribodon; 170-174.)
x			1955	Dekeyser, P.L. (teeth of embryo; 922.)
x			1956	Paula Couto, C. de (?Pleist., Brazil; 5, 79, 95, 107.)
x	v		1958	Knoll, W. (blood cells; 332-333.)
x	v		1960b	Anon. (weed control; 5.)
x	v		1960c	Anon. (weed control; 70.)
x	v		1960	Rood, R.N. (pop. acc.; 133-136.)
x			1961	Dill, W.A. (weed control; 1-6.)
x			1962	Wilhelm, W. (m51.)
x	v		1963	Tenney & Remmers (quantitative lung morphology; 54-55.)
x			1964	Norris, K.S. (possible use of mandibular canal as wave guide in echolocation; 334.)
x			1965	Kilmer, F.H. (comp. w/ Halianassa allisoni; 60, 62-63.)
x			1965	Robineau, D. (ear ossicles, comp. w/ HG; 420-424.)
x	v		1966b	Bertram & Bertram (status; weed control; 214, 216-217.)
x	v		1966d	Bertram & Bertram (pop. acc.; 180-184.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium calvertense; 77, 81.)
	D		1966c	Shikama, T.
x			1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (comp. w/ Sirenotherium; 346-347, 349-356.)
x			1968a	Anon. (pop. acc.; 3-6.)
x			1968a	Bertram & Bertram (ecology & econ.use; 388-390, 393.)
x			1968b	Bertram & Bertram (gen. acc.; 423-426.)
x			1968a	Kaiser, H.E. (occipital region; 478.)
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr.; 6.)
x			1968	Romer, A.S. (name Manatus preferred; 200.)
x		*	1969	Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 3, 14-20, 23-31.)
			1970a	Eichler & Albrecht
x			1972	Varona, L.S. (Cuba; supposed fossil occurrences; m5.)
x			1972	Verhaart, W.J.C. (brain; 271-292.)
x			1974	Domning, D.P. (Pleist., Florida & North Carolina; m8.)
x	v		1974b	Vietmeyer, N.D. (gen. acc.; weed control; 60-65.)
x	v		1975	Vietmeyer, N.D. (eating water hyacinth; 71-73.)
x			1976	Webb, S.D. (Pleist. immigration to Florida; 221, 223, 226.)
x	v		1977f	Anon. (weed control; pop. acc.; 80.)
x			1977	Bertram & Bertram (need for captive breeding; Guyana project; 106-108.)
x			1977b	Domning, D.P. (rostral deflection & feeding niche; 353.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 573, 575, 578-579.)
x			1979	Cave, A.J.E. (pterygoid hamulus; 530-531.)
x			1980	McKenna, M.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 66.)
x		*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (origin & evolution; 599-619.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ Eoc. sirs.; 18, 30, 39.)
x	v		1983	Morgan & Pratt (Pleist., Florida; 24.)
x			1985	Fortelius, M. (functional anatomy of cheek teeth; 11, 52-53, 65, 73.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation, 87-144; Pleist., South Carolina, 136.)
x			1988	Nojima, T. (bony falx cerebri; 315, 320.)
x		*	1989	Gallagher et al. (?Pleist., New Jersey; 107-108.)
x			1991	Court & Jaeger (inner ear; comp. w/ proboscideans; 559-565.)
x	v		1991c	Domning, D.P. (justifications for conservation; 167-173.)
x			1992	McKenna, M.C. (eye-lens proteins; phylogeny & affinities; 350, 354-355, 357.))
x			1992	Thewissen & Domning (character states; 502.)
x			1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (comp. w/ Ribodon; 328.)
x			1996	Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354, 356.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Potamosiren magdalenensis; 389-390.)
x	D		1997	Pauls, E.B. (tooth microwear; comp. w/ Desmostylus; 69A.)
	v		1999	Valentine & Heck (seagrass herbivory; review)
x			1999	Galis, F. (reduced number of cervical vertebrae ?related to Hox genes & metabolic rate; 19, 23.)
x			2000	Domning, D.P. (locomotor & diving adaptations; 116-118.)
			2001	Feeney, K. (children's book)
			2002	Hermandez et al.
x	v		2003	Clementz et al. (carbon & oxygen stable isotopes; 509.)
			2006	Pingry, P.A. (children's book)
			2006	Kalman & Dyer (children's book)
			2007	Marston, H.I. (young children's book)
			2008	Arnosky, J. (children's book)
			2008	Asher & Lehmann (dental eruption)
			2010	Coleman, M. (children's book)
			2010	Swinburne, S.R. (children's book)
			2010	Wicker, J.L. (children's book)
			2010	Williams, G.T. (children's book)
			2010	Luna & Passavante (Brazil; history of conservation by Instituto Chico Mendes)
x	v		2010	Hautier et al. (7th vertebra predicted to be developmentally cervical; 18906.)
			2012	King, Z. (children's book)
		*	2015	Springer et al. (molecular & morphological phylogeny)
		*	2016	Barros et al. (Trichechus spp.; cranial & chromosomal geographic variation)
			2018	Domning, Daryl Paul (Trichechus sp. radius-ulna; ?Pleist.; dredged off New Jersey; m246.)
		*	2018	Brito, C. (history of the manatee-mermaid connection in European natural history)
		*	2019	Vilaça & Santos (mitochondrial genome)
			2021	Siciliano et al. (Trichechus spp.; Brazil; hunting & capture; historical records)
x		v	n.d.	Berovides, V. (economic uses; pop. acc.; 13.)

Trichechus manatus australis Gmelin, 1788 ( 8 )
	*	1788	Gmelin, J.F. (new subspecies)
x		1801	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; m85.)
x		1817	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; m125.)
x		1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (syn. of Manatus australis; m356.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. senegalensis in part; 535, 537.)
x		1961	Cabrera, A. (syn. of T. m. manatus in part; 310.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (m138.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of T. senegalensis; 382.)

Trichechus manatus bakerorum Domning, 2005 ( 2 )
	*	2005	Domning, D.P. (n.subsp.; Late Pleist., Florida & South Carolina)
	*	2020	Bell et al. (Pleist., Texas)

Trichechus manatus borealis Gmelin, 1788 ( 10 )
	*	1788	Gmelin, J.F. (new subspecies)
x		1794	Link, H.F. (in classification; 40-41.)
x		1801	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; m85.)
x		1817	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; m125.)
x		1825a	Harlan, R. (m279.)
x		1900	Anchieta, J. de (used as name of TM & TI [lapsus for T. m. australis]; Brazil; gen. acc.; 11-12.)
x		1925	ICZN (syn. of Hydrodamalis [gigas]; 38.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Rhytina borealis; m535.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Hydrodamalis gigas; 75, 92, 138.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Rhytina gigas; 383.)

Trichechus manatus koellikeri (Kükenthal, 1897) Kleinschmidt, 1982 ( 2 )
x	*	1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (n.comb.; distr., 381; tail shape, 407-408.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (syn. of T. m. manatus; 89.)

Trichechus manatus latirostris (Harlan, 1824) Hatt, 1934 ( 484 )
			1575	SEE Fontaneda, H., 1854.
	v		1791	Bartram, W.
x	v		1869	Brinton, D.G. (Indian R., Florida; 50-51.)
x	v		1874a	Anon. (St. Augustine, Florida; 276.)
x	v		1874b	Anon. (escape behavior; 446.)
x	v		1889	Scammon, C.M. (in capt., Key West; pop. acc.; 581-582.)
x	v		1891	Stuart, H.V. (meat sold as beef; 137.)
			1892	Munroe, K. (Florida; children's book)
x	v		1892	Wright, J.McN. (Santa Lucia R., Florida; pop. acc.; 291-296.)
x	v		1898	Anon. (Florida; hunting by Seminole Indians; 102.)
x	v		1905	Townsend, C.H. (in capt., New York; 91, 94, 97.)
x	v		1907	Dimock, A.W. (Florida; capture; 848-853.)
x	v		1907	Townsend, C.H. (in capt., New York; 86.)
x	v		1908a	Anon. (Ocean View, Virginia; 532.)
x	v		1908b	Anon. (in capt., New York; 427.)
x	v		1908	Duncan, J.F. (Ocean View, Virginia; 611-612.)
x	v		1909	Dimock & Dimock (Florida; capture for New York Aquarium; 39-59.)
x	v		1909	Graham, S.C. (in capt., Indian R., Florida; 413.)
x	v		1910	Packard, W. (St. Lucie & Indian Rs., Florida; 144-145.)
x	v		1922	Swanton, J.R. (Florida; hunting by Indians; 389.)
x	v		1931	Brimley, H.H. (North Carolina; 320-321.)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (new rank; distr., 538; skeleton, 539-554, 560-561.)
x	v	*	1937	Barbour, T. (birth in capt., Miami; 106-107.)
x	v		1940	Cahn, A.R. (Florida; winter mortality; 222-223.)
x			1941a	Gunter, G. (distr.; 60-64.)
x			1941b	Gunter, G. (Mexico, Texas, Louisiana; 12-13.)
x			1942	Gunter, G. (distr.; 89-90.)
x			1943	Krumholz, L.A. (Florida; 272-273.)
x			1943	Lowery, G.H., Jr. (Louisiana; 253-254.)
x	v		1944	Barbour, T. (Miami area, Florida; 98-99, 166-167.)
x			1946	Moore, J.C. (Putnam Co., Florida; 58.)
x	v		1946	Swanton, J.R. (Florida; hunting by Indians; 250, 282, 297-298, 329.)
x	v		1949	Sprunt, A., Jr. (pop. acc.; 286-288, 337.)
x	v		1949	Trumbull, S. (Florida; pop. acc.; 337.)
x			1949	Vieira, C.O.C. (m268.)
x	v	*	1950	McAtee, W.L. (Virginia; 98-99.)
x		*	1951a	Moore, J.C. (Florida, distr., 1-15; distinguishing characters, 16-18.)
x		*	1951b	Moore, J.C. (Florida Everglades; natural history; 22-36.)
x			1952	Anon. (in capt., Florida; pop. acc.; 129-130.)
x			1953	Moore, J.C. (distr. & behavior; 120-122, 153, 156.)
x			1954	Lawrence, J.E. (pop. acc.; 401-404.)
			1954	Moore, J.C.
x			1955	Miller & Kellogg (synonymy; 791.)
x	v		1956	Loftin, H. (pop. acc.; 350.)
x		*	1956	Moore, J.C. (behavior; 1-23.)
x			1956	Tomkins, I.R. (Georgia; 288-289.)
x	v		1957	Burton, M. (summary of Moore [1956]; 272.)
x			1957	Moore, J.C. (birth in capt.; 137-138.)
x	v		1958	Fichter, G.S. (pop. acc.; 31-35.)
x	v		1958	Loftin, H. (respiration; pop. acc.; 256.)
x	v		1958	Savory, B. (in capt., London; m257.)
x			1960	Funderburg, J.B. (Pleist. & Recent, North Carolina; 521.)
x			1960	Hutton & Sogandares (trematode Chiorchis fabaceus; m290.)
x			1963	Alvarez, T. (Tamaulipas, Mexico; "probably extirpated"; 465.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L.
x	v		1964a	Anon. (Florida; weed control; 29-30.)
x			1964	Humes, A.G. (parasite Harpacticus pulex; 517-518, 528.)
x	v		1964	Lapham, L.H. (Florida; weed control; 38-39.)
x	v		1964	Moore, J.C. (behavior; 7-8.)
			1965	Hanström, B.
x			1965	Layne, J.N. (Florida; 131, 133, 166-168.)
x			1965	Schevill & Watkins (vocalizations; 373-374.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium calvertense; 88.)
x	v		1967	Anon. (Florida; weed control; pop. acc.; 33-35.)
x			1967	Browder, J. (conservation; weed control; 3-5, 34.)
x	v		1967	Truslow & Vosburgh (Florida Everglades; 537-538.)
x	v		1968	Betz, J.J. (Florida; captive breeding scheme, ca. 1893; 204-209.)
			1968	Blackburn & Andres
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr.; 6.)
x	v		1968	Van den Bergh, H. (longest dive 16 min. 20 sec.; m451.)
x			1969	Hartman, D.S. (behavior; gen. acc.; 342-353.)
x			1970	Evans & Herald (vocalizations, comp. w/ TI; 820, 822-823.)
			1970	Kaiser & Schröpfer
x			1970	Radhakrishnan & Bradley (in capt., Tampa, Florida; parasites Chiorchis fabaceus & Plicatolabia hagenbecki; 59.)
x			1971b	Banks da Rocha, N. (Brazil [!]; 133.)
x	v		1971a	Barada, B. (Crystal R., Florida; pop. acc.; 18-23.)
			1971	Hartman, D.S.
x			1971	Jones, M.L. (in capt.; 85.)
x	v		1972a	Anon. (Florida; "played with" by porpoises; 4.)
x	v		1972	Caldwell & Caldwell (mating, 446-448; play, 450; diet in capt., 454.)
x	v		1972a	Hartman, D.S. (Florida; status & behavior; 20-22.)
	v		1972b	Hartman, D.S.
x			1974a	Anon. (Blue Spring, Florida; refuge established; 10.)
			1974	Shawver, L.J.
x	v		1975c	Anon. (Florida Everglades; "bloated" manatees; 5.)
x			1975	Forrester et al. (intussusception, pesticides, parasites; 566-568.)
x	v		1975	Lynd, W. (Miami, Florida; rescue & rehabilitation; 28-29.)
x	v		1975	Weber, T., Jr. (Florida; harpooning from bridges; 66-67.)
x	v		1975	Wray, P. (South Carolina; pop. acc.; 21-22.)
x			1976	Campbell, H.W. (m1.)
x			1976	Reed, J. (Florida; in artificial lake; m12.)
x		*	1976	White et al. (blood chemistry, karyotype; 413-417.)
x			1977	O'Keefe, M.T. (Florida; pop. acc.; 65, 67.)
			1977	White et al. (chromosomes)
x	v		1978	Harper, H. (Florida; release of captives; 12.)
x			1978	Stewart, D. (conservation; pop. acc.; 113-118.)
x			1979	Bachman & Irvine (milk composition; 873-878.)
x			1979a	Farmer et al. (blood chemistry, comp. w/ TI; 231, 234-235, 237.)
x			1979	Forrester et al. (parasites; 5.)
x	v		1979	Harper, H. (Blue Spring, Florida; news reporting; 16.)
x	v		1980	Abrahamson, D. (Crystal R., Florida; pop. acc.; 92-94, 96, 98-99, 104.)
x	v		1980a	Anon. (conservation; pop. acc.; 49.)
x	v		1980b	Anon. (Florida; pop. acc.; 97-98, 100.)
x			1980	Banks da Rocha, N. (in key; thought to occur in Brazil; 147-148.)
x	v		1980	Burton, B. (Chesapeake Bay; possible sighting; 19, 40-41.)
x			1980	Cumbaa, S.L. (Florida; archeological sites; 6, 8-9.)
x			1980	Domning, D.P. (food position preference; 544-547.)
x	v		1981	Bingham, B. (Florida; drinking fresh water; pop. acc.; 90-91.)
x			1981	Gunter & Corcoran (subspecific distinctness unlikely; 97-98.)
x	v		1981	Miller, R.R. (New Jersey; netting; m53.)
x			1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (nematode Heterocheilus; 312.)
x	v		1982	Bradford, D. (Florida; conservation; public opinion survey; 9.)
			1982	Colmenero-R., L. (gen. acc.)
x	v		1982	Dick, T.M. (Florida; pop. acc.; 19-22.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr., 372, 380-381; tail shape, 408.)
x		*	1982	Medway, Bruss et al. (blood chemistry; 229-234.)
x			1982	Medway, Dodds et al. (blood coagulation; 120-127.)
x	v		1982	Milne & Milne (breeding & care of young; pop. acc.; 154-158.)
x	v		1982	Thiel, R. (Florida; pop. acc.; 4-7.)
x	v		1982	Watterlond, M. (Florida; use of power-plant effluents; pop. acc.; 94, 96.)
x			1983	Piggins et al. (eyes & vision, comp. w/ TI; 112, 122-126.)
x	v		1983	Rathbun, F. (Florida; museum exhibit; pop. acc.; 6-10.)
x	v		1985b	Anon. (Florida; pop. acc.; 16, 18.)
x	v		1985	Walters, M.J. (Florida; pop. acc.; 171-172, 175-176.)
x	v		1986	Lew et al. (soluble class I molecule absent from serum; 279-280.)
x			1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (Mexican manatees ?intermediate between TMM & TML; 968.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation; taxon considered valid; 89, 112-126, 130.)
x			1986	McLaren et al. (Florida; specimens in Carnegie Museum; 293-296.)
x			1986a	Pervaiz & Brew (milk proteins; 846-854.)
x			1986b	Pervaiz & Brew (milk composition; 357-360.)
			1986	Teunissen & Altman (Florida; pop. acc.)
x	v		1987b	Anon. (bottle-feeding of orphan; 225.)
x			1988	Beck & Forrester (parasites; 628-637.)
x			1988	Hurst & Beck (Florida; techniques for dietary analysis; 1, 114-115.)
x			1988	Kuroki et al. (gallbladder bile salts; 509-522.)
x		*	1988	McClenaghan & O'Shea (genetic variability; 481-488.)
x		*	1988a	O'Shea, T.J. (southeastern USA; review of past & present distr., abundance, & mortality, & future prospects; 184-204.)
			1988b	O'Shea, T.J. (east coast of Florida; research efforts)
			1988b	Reynolds & Wilcox (Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1977-1986)
			1989	Horn, G. (underwater photos)
x	v		1989a	Anon. (Florida; drinking from hose; 187.)
x			1989	Baugh et al. (Florida & Georgia; feeding on Spartina; 88-90.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Xenosiren yucateca; 430.)
x		*	1989	Lefebvre et al. (distr., status, biogeography; 568, 576-579, 590-591, 599, 603-604.)
x	v		1989	Lewis, T.A. (Florida; boat mortality; pop. acc.; 42-49.)
x			1989	Packard et al. (Florida; response to interruption of thermal effluent; 692-700.)
	v		1989	Patton et al. (Port of the Islands, Florida)
			1989	Reep et al. (cerebral cortex)
x			1989	Reid & O'Shea (Florida & Georgia; satellite transmitters; 217-232.)
x			1989	Upton et al. (Florida; protozoans Eimeria spp.; 87-90.)
x	v		1989	Walsh, K. (Florida; children's article; 2-9.)
x			1989	Yoshii et al. (bile alcohol; 1852.)
x			1990	Buergelt et al. (TML; thickened heart valves; 220-227.)
	v		1990	Clark, M.G. (Florida; children's book)
x	v		1990a	Domning, D.P. (Florida; feeding on seagrass rhizomes; 34-36.)
	v		1990	Gannon, F. (Florida; pop. acc.)
			1990	Gilbrook, M.J. (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems applications)
			1990	Houhoulis, P. (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems applications)
			1990	Kautz, R.S. (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems applications)
			1990	Marmontel et al. (age determination)
			1990	O'Shea & Kochman (Florida; distr. & ecology in relation to Geogr. Information Systems)
			1990	Osborn, R.G. (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems applications)
		*	1990	Reynolds & Haddad (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems Workshop)
			1990	Weigle & Haddad (Florida; conservation; Geogr. Information Systems applications)
			1991	Zoodsma et al. (Georgia)
x		v	1991c	Anon. (brain; pop. acc.; 8.)
x			1991	Beck & Barros (Florida; impact of debris; 508-510.)
x			1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (distr. of skeletal mass, 336-347, 362-363; pathological floating, 360.)
	v		1991	Kiely, J. (Florida; pop. acc.)
x	v		1991	Loerzel & Reep (Rindenkerne in cerebral cortex; 166-171.)
x			1991	O'Shea et al. (mortality from red tide; 165-179.)
		*	1991	Zoodsma, B.J. (Georgia; distr. & behavioral ecology)
			1992	Kadel & Patton (Florida; aerial surveys, 1985-90)
x	v		1992	Kadel, J. (Florida; "white" individual; 15-16.)
x			1992	Ketten et al. (ear & hearing, 77-95; taste, 84, 92.)
			1992	O'Shea & Ludlow
		*	1992	O'Shea et al. (Florida; population biology; interim report of workshop)
x	v		1992	Simmons, N. (Florida; rehabilitation; pop. acc.; 9.)
x	v		1993	Bonde, R.K. (Florida; gen. acc.; 16-18.)
x			1993	Bradley et al. (cytochrome b DNA sequence; 197-202.)
x			1993	O'Keefe, M.T. (Florida; pop. acc.; 1-127.)
			1994	Vallee, J.D. (Florida; boat collisions)
x	v		1994	Barry et al. (keratan sulfate domain of aggrecan gene; 323-328.)
x	v		1994	Brooks, L.S. (Florida; pop. acc.; Manatee Information Radio established; 33.)
x			1994	Garrott et al. (Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1977-1992; 642-654.)
x			1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (status & conservation; 156, 158-160.)
x			1994	Reynolds & Wilcox (Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1982-1992; 163-177.)
x			1994	Tilmant et al. (south Florida; effects of 1992 hurricane; 236.)
x			1995	Ackerman et al. (Florida; mortality, 1974-1992; 223-258.)
x			1995	Kraus, J. (Florida; rehabilitation & soft release; 8-9.)
			1995	Lefebvre & O'Shea
x			1995	Marshall & Reep (caudal cerebral cortex; 1-18.)
x			1995	O'Shea & Hartley (Blue Spring, Florida; reproduction & early-age survival; 157-170.)
x			1995	O'Shea & Langtimm (Florida; adult survival; 194-222.)
		*	1995	O'Shea et al. (Florida; population biology)
x	v		1995	O'Shea, T.J. (Florida; conflicts with waterborne recreation; 297-311.)
x			1995	Odell et al. (in capt.; reproduction; 192-193.)
x			1995	Rattner, R. (Florida; pop. acc.; 22-29.)
			1996a	Seifert, D.D. (Florida; conservation)
x			1996	Ames & Van Vleet (Florida; organochlorine residues; 374-377.)
			1996	Ames et al. (diet determined by stable carbon isotope analysis)
x	v		1996a	Anon. (Florida; 1995 mortality; pop. acc.; 11.)
x	v		1996c	Anon. (study of effects of red tide toxins; pop. acc.; 11.)
x	v		1996d	Anon. (Florida; 1996 die-off ?due to red tide; 456-457.)
x	v		1996	Arnold, D.W. (conservation efforts by State of Florida; 6-7.)
x	v		1996	Behler, D.A. (Florida; adoption program; 1996 die-off; 16.)
x	v		1996	Holden, C. (Florida; 1996 die-off due to red tide; 191.)
x	v		1996	Koelsch, J.K. (Sarasota Co., Florida; research by Mote Marine Lab; 8-10.)
x		*	1996	Marmontel et al. (Florida; age determination by growth layers in bone; 54-88.)
x			1996	Marshall, C.D. (Florida; gen.acc.; 6-10.)
x			1996	Reynolds & Rommel (gastrointestinal tract; 539-558.)
x	v		1996	Russell, B.J. (in capt., Sarasota; pop. acc.; 5.)
			1996	Miller et al. (Florida; aerial survey & aerophotogrammetry)
x			1996	Miller, J. (TML; pop. acc.; photograph exhibit; 6.)
x	v		1997a	Anon. (rehabilitation facilities needed outside Florida; 498.)
x			1997	Craig et al. (Atlantic coast, Florida; population trends, 1982-92; 524-541.)
x			1997b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Crenatosiren olseni; 402, 410.)
x			1997	Jenkins, P.B. (Florida; children's book; 1-32.)
x			1997	Marmontel et al. (Florida; population viability analysis, 1976-91; 467-481.)
x			1997	Mass et al. (retinal topography & visual acuity; 392-394.)
			1997?	Young, A. (Tampa, Florida; rehabilitation from red tide; pop. acc.)
x			1998	Palazzo-Craig, J. (Florida; children's book; 1-47.)
x			1998	Bossart et al. (Florida; 1996 die-off due to red tide; pathology; 276-282.)
x			1998	Langtimm et al. (Florida; adult survival probabilities; 981-997.)
x			1998	Marsh et al. (Florida; fragment size of stomach contents, comp. w/ DD & TMM; 250-255.)
x			1998	Marshall et al. (perioral bristles & feeding; 274-289.)
x			1998	Marshall, Clark, & Reep (facial muscles & bristle use; 290-303.)
x			1998	Ortiz et al. (osmoregulation; 449-457.)
x			1998	Reep et al. (facial bristles & hairs; 257-273.)
x			1998	Salvesen, D. (Florida; pop. acc.; 17-23.)
x			1998	Wright et al. (Florida; use of PIT tags; 641-645.)
x	v		1999	Abellera, B.J. (Florida; pop. acc.; 32.)
x			1999	Bossart, G.D. (Florida; gen. acc.; conservation; 1178-1183.)
x	v		1999	Cohen, P. (hearing; pop. acc.; 20.)
			1999	Colbert & Bauer (husbandry training)
x			1999	Eberhardt et al. (Florida; use of population trend indices; 766-767, 770-774, 781-783.)
x			1999	Gerstein et al. (underwater audiogram; 3575-3583.)
x	v		1999	Koeppel, D. (Florida; pop. acc.; 66, 68-69.)
			2000	Garcia-R. et al. (microsatellite DNA markers)
x	v		2000	Adams, J.L., Jr. (doubts about the need for increased protection; 60.)
x	v		2000	DiEdwardo, J.A. (Florida; pop. acc.; 22-25.)
x			2000	Fagone et al. (pelvic bones; sexual & ontogenetic variation; 177-181.)
			2000	Flamm, Ward, & Weigle (Florida; relative abundance)
x			2000	Marshall et al. (experiments on ingestive behavior; 649-658.)
x			2000	Rathbun & Wallace (gen. acc.; conservation issues; 108-111.)
x			2000	Rommel & Reynolds (diaphragm; 41-51.)
			2001	Colbert et al. (husbandry & research training)
		*	2001	Lefebvre et al. (status & biogeography)
x			2001	Allen & Carol (Florida; pop. acc.; 12-15.)
x			2001	O'Shea et al. (Florida; injury & suffering; population biology; 31-43.)
x	v		2001	Reep et al. (microanatomy of vibrissae; 1-14.)
x	v		2001	Zastrow & Jaquette (Florida; marina permitting; 23-27.)
			2001	Rommel et al. (veins of reproductive system)
			2002	Levin & Pfeiffer (tongue)
			2002	Morgan et al. (Virginia)
			2002	Penders, T. (Windover site, Florida)
			2002	Gray et al. (cytogenetic ideogram)
			2002	Bossart, Baden, et al. (brevetoxicosis)
			2002	Bossart, Ewing et al. (viral papillomatosis)
x			2002	Ames et al. (zygomatic process of squamosal; lipid content & sound conduction; 625-634.)
x	v		2002	Ashley, G. (Florida; boat collisions & regulations; 8.)
x			2002	Reep et al. (postcranial tactile hairs; 141-154.)
			2002	Wright et al. (Tampa Bay, Florida; habitat use, 1987-94; 259-274.)
			2002	Bradley & Reynolds (interleukin 2)
			2003	Bossart, Meisner et al. (cold stress syndrome)
			2003	Deutsch et al. (movements & site fidelity along Atlantic coast of USA)
			2003	Rommel & Caplan (tail; vascular adaptations for heat conservation)
			2003	Aipanjiguly et al. (Tampa Bay, Florida; attitudes of boaters)
			2003	Langtimm & Beck (Florida; mortality from hurricanes)
x			2003	Grimes & Becnel (in capt., Bradenton, Florida; pop. acc.; 75-77.)
			2003	Manire et al. (blood & urine parameters; rehabilitation & release)
			2003	Sato et al. (in capt.; mycobacteriosis)
			2003	Stith et al. (Everglades, Florida; response to restoration)
			2003	Bauer et al. (underwater visual acuity)
			2004	Hauxwell et al. (Kings Bay, Florida; feeding on Vallisneria americana)
			2004	Smith & Mezich (Manatee Springs, Florida; effects of grazing)
			2004	King & Heinen (Crystal & Homosassa Rivers, Florida; harassment by swimmers)
			2004	Kendall et al. (Florida; estimating reproductive rates)
			2004	Reynolds et al. (testicular weight & sperm competition)
			2004	Langtimm et al. (Florida; survival estimates from photo-identification)
			2004	Runge et al. (Florida; stage-structured population model)
			2004	Craig & Reynolds (Atlantic coast of Florida; model of population trends)
			2004	Goodman, D. (population modeling methods)
			2004	Pittman, C. (Florida; controversies over conservation)
			2004	Nowacek et al. (boat avoidance)
			2004	Rector et al. (papillomavirus type 1)
			2004	Bossart et al. (pathology)
			2004	MacFadden et al. (in capt.; shed teeth collected)
			2005	De Felice, C.C. (children's mystery novel)
			2005	Keberle, K. (underwater photos)
			2005	Oberheu, J.C. (children's book)
			2005	Harper et al. (vascularization of cornea)
			2005	Flamm et al. (movement corridors; telemetry)
			2005	Mann et al. (temporal resolution of auditory system)
x			2005	Flewelling et al. (Florida; red tide, 2002: 755-756.)
			2005a	Laist & Reynolds (Florida; effects of warm-water refuges)
			2005b	Laist & Reynolds (Florida; future of warm-water refuges)
			2005	Raloff, J. (red tide)
			2005	Larkin et al. (fecal testosterone concentrations)
			2005	Sweat et al. (surface interleukin-2 receptor expression; blood mononuclear cells)
			2005	Woodruff et al. (papilloma virus)
			2006b	Yan, Clifton et al. (TML; fracture toughness of rib)
			2006	Sorice et al. (management as tourism attraction)
			2006	Mann et al. (nonlinear dynamics in vocalizations)
			2006	Fellner et al. (ex-situ behavioral extinction)
			2006	Laist & Shaw (Florida; boat speed restrictions and mortality)
		*	2006	Reep & Bonde (biology & conservation)
			2006	Leyden, B. (children's book)
			2006	Bledsoe et al. (biofouling organisms)
			2006	Harr et al. (generalized inflammatory disease)
			2006	Horikoshi-Beckett & Schulte (in capt.; activity patterns)
			2006	Miksis-Olds & Miller (TML habitats; sound transmission loss)
			2006	Tomblin, M.S. (novel)
			2006	Langtimm et al. (Florida; effects of hurricanes)
			2006	O'Shea & Poche (underwater sound communication)
			2006	Phillips et al. (detection ranges for acoustic-based manatee avoidance technology)
			2006	Siegal-Willott et al. (electrocardiography)
			2006a	Yan, Clifton et al. (rib bone; fracture mechanics)
			2006	Yan, Niezrecki et al. (background noise cancellation of vocalizations)
			2006	Lightsey et al. (watercraft-related mortality; necropsy methods)
			2006	Sarko & Reep (cerebral cortex)
			2007	Lowry et al. (Florida; conservation status & history of U.S. listing)
			2007	Anderson, L.H. (children's novel)
			2007	Calleson & Frohlich
			2007	Larkin et al. (digesta passage rates)
			2007	Marshall et al. (facial motor nucleus)
			2007	Miksis-Olds et al. (boat avoidance)
			2007	Rommel et al. (watercraft-induced wounds)
			2007	Pause et al. (polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers)
			2007	Carney et al. (genetic sampling)
			2007	Gannon et al. (Sarasota Bay, Florida; habitat selection)
			2007	Buchholtz et al. (vertebral column)
			2007	Chapla et al. (head & ear bones; CT scans)
			2007	Edwards et al. (Florida; aerial surveys; detection probability)
			2007	Kellogg et al. (chromosome painting supports Afrotheria & Paenungulata)
			2007	Miksis-Olds et al. (noise levels & foraging)
			2007	Morris et al. (boater outreach program)
			2007	Sarko, Johnson et al. (somatosensory nuclei of brainstem & thalamus)
			2007	Sarko, Reep et al. (follicle-sinus complexes)
			2007	Walsh et al. (nitric oxide production by blood mononuclear cells)
			2007	Jaffe et al. (detection by sonar)
			2007	Kojeszewski & Fish (swimming kinematics)
			2007	Harvey et al. (normal biochemistry)
			2007a	Runge et al. (core stochastic population projection model)
			2007b	Runge et al. (quantitative threats analysis)
			2008b	Clifton et al. (rib bone; quantitative fractography)
			2008	Tringali et al. (sex identification)
x		v	2008	Chiang, M. (Lake Okeechobee, Florida; anti-crush system on canal lock gates; pop. acc.; 8-10.)
			2008	Schwarz, L.K. (determining perinatal status of carcasses)
			2008	Wood, J.R. (Florida; children's book)
			2008	Harr et al. (Kings Bay, Florida; toxin in algal mats)
			2008	Stavros et al. (trace elements in blood & skin)
			2008	Tringali et al. (polymorphic microsatellite markers)
			2008a	Clifton et al. (mechanical properties of rib bone)
			2008	Halvorsen & Keith (immunosuppression cascade)
			2009	Gonzalez-S. et al. (Florida; detection by side-scan sonar)
			2009	Landsberg et al. (Florida; Karenia brevis red tides)
			2009	Brown & Erdle (York River, Virginia)
			2009	Joly et al. (necropsies; cause-specific mortality rates)
			2009	Alves-Stanley & Worthy (carbon & nitrogen stable isotopes)
			2009	Colbert et al. (sound localization)
			2009	Lanyon et al. (visual & molecular sex recognition)
			2009	Nico et al. (Blue Spring, Florida; interactions with armored catfish)
			2009	Gur & Niezrecki (acoustic enhancement of vocalizations)
			2009	Tripp et al. (plasma progesterone metabolites)
			2010	Arnosky, J. (children's book)
		*	2010	Pittman, C. (Florida; conservation; historical account)
			2010	Hunter, Broderick et al. (microsatellite primers)
			2010	Butti & Hof (insular cortex)
			2010	Alves-Stanley et al. (Florida; feeding preferences; stable isotopes)
			2010	Gibbs et al. (Blue Spring, Florida; disturbance by invasive catfish)
			2010	Sas & Baatz (Karenia brevis; brevetoxin-2)
			2010	Nico, L.G. (Blue Spring, Florida; association with armored catfish)
		*	2010	Alvarez-A. et al. (Cuba; use of power plant)
			2010	Jett & Thapa (Florida; speed zone compliance by boaters)
			2010	Siegal-Willott et al. (aquatic vegetation & lettuce; nutrient analyses)
			2010	Wetzel et al. (fatty acid biomarkers for brevetoxin exposure)
		*	2010	Sarko et al. (body size estimation)
x	v		2011	Jackson & Thorpe (Memphis, Tennessee; children's book; 1-26.)
			2011	Martin et al. (estimating abundance with a Bayesian approach)
			2011	Nifong & Frick (Chelonibia testudinaria)
			2011	Semeyn et al. (Lee County, Florida; aerial surveys)
			2011	Martin et al. (Florida; sea level rise)
			2011	Grossman et al. (modeling respiratory tract)
x	v		2011	de Foy, K. (pop. acc.; 18.)
			2011	Slone, D. (Florida; inverted haloclines as warm-water refugia)
			2011	Álvarez A., A. (Cuba)
			2011	Miksis-Olds & Wagner (Florida; behavioral response to noise)
			2011	Wilson et al. (anti-Müllerian hormone; effects of stress)
			2011	Stith et al. (southwest Florida; warm-water refugia; temperature-inverted haloclines)
			2011	Harr et al. (boat strike; infection; Pasteurella multocida; polycystic kidneys)
			2011	Spivey, H.D. (children's eBook)
			2011	Donà et al. (Florida; seroepidemiology of papillomavirus)
	v		2012	Slezak, R.E. (Florida; children's book)
			2012	Gaspard et al. (audiogram & auditory critical ratios)
			2012	Hoson et al. (fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
			2012	Sadchatheeswaran et al. (southwest Florida; brevetoxin levels)
			2012	Jett et al. (Florida; boater speed-zone compliance)
			2012	Gerlach et al. (diaphragmatic hernia, heart enlargement, cold stress lesions)
			2012	Stith et al. (Florida; passive thermal refugia)
			2012	Oppenheimer & BenDor (management of biofouling)
			2012	Bauer et al. (tactile discrimination of textures)
			2012	Nieuwenhuys, R. (insular cortex)
			2012	Hunter et al. (genetic distinction from TMM)
			2012	Rappucci et al. (Port Everglades, Florida; tidal cycle effects)
			2012	Lanyon et al. (blood chemistry comp. w/ DD; no evidence of capture myopathy)
x			2012	Dewar, H. (Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge, Florida; gen. acc.; 4.)
			2012	Mass et al. (retina)
			2012	Tucker et al. (Florida; low genetic diversity; population structure; conservation)
			2012	Wong et al. (oral temperature, heart & respiration rate, blood chemistry)
			2013	Capper et al. (Florida; algal bloom toxins)
			2013	Edwards, H. H. (potential impacts of climate change)
			2013	Flamm et al. (southwestern Florida; managing warm-water habitat)
			2013	Bills et al. (anal glands; chemosensation)
			2013	Bonde et al. (Crystal River, Florida; health assessments)
			2013	Laist et al. (Florida; warm-water refuges)
			2013	Bauduin et al. (Florida; interaction with watercraft)
			2013	Rhoades, R.L. (Crystal River & Lowry Park Zoo, Florida; pop. acc.)
x	v		2013	White, M. (Crystal River, Florida; pop. acc.; 82-97.)
			2014	Kleen & Breland (Citrus County & Kings Bay, Florida; seasonal use of warm-water refuge)
			2014	Merson et al. (Crystal River, Florida; hindgut microbial communities)
			2014	Merson et al. (Crystal River, Florida; hindgut microbial communities)
			2014	Spivey, H.D. (children's eBook)
			2015	Martin, Sabatier et al. (encounter rate theory & boat collisions)
x	v		2015	Baker, J.R. (TML; pop. acc.; 44-51.)
			2015	Reyes et al. (neuron types in the presumptive primary somatosensory cortex)
			2016	Edwards et al. (Florida; diving & risk of boat collisions)
		*	2016	Edwards & Ackerman, eds. (Florida; aerial surveys of distribution, 1984-2004)
			2016	Adimey et al. (Florida; post-release monitoring)
			2016	Harshaw et al. (morphometric body condition indices)
			2016	Reyes et al. (Golgi analysis of neuron morphology)
			2017	Wyrosdick et al. (Toxoplasma gondii)
		*	2017	Runge et al. (status & threats analysis)
			2017	Breaux et al. (immunoglobulin)
		*	2017	Reynolds, J.E., III (biology, behavior, & conservation)
			2017	Lefebvre et al. (Florida; Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme)
			2017	Slone et al. (Florida; warm-water refuge use; GPS telemetry)
			2017	Haase et al. (Florida; movements & habitat use; satellite telemetry)
			2017	Wyrosdick, Gerhold et al. (Florida; Toxoplasma gondii)
			2017	Reinert et al. (marine debris)
			2018	Frankovich et al. (diatoms (Tursiocola spp.))
			2018	Hostetler et al. (Florida; statewide abundance estimate)
			2018	Zahin et al. (papillomaviruses)
			2018	Harvey et al. (serum proteins)
	v		2018	Carr& Milstein (Florida; power plants as thermal refuges)
			2018	Breaux et al.
			2018	Ferrante et al.
			2018	Hunter et al. (environmental DNA)
			2018	Wyrosdick et al. (internal parasites)
			2018	Rycyk et al. (Florida; behavioral response to boats)
			2018b	Alvarez-Alemán et al. (traveling between Florida and Cuba)
			2019	Hardy et al. (Florida; cold-related mortality)
			2019	Littles et al. (Florida; movements in and out of winter refuge)
			2019	Udell et al. (evaluating risk of collision with boats)
		*	2019	Martony et al. (cold-stress syndrome)
			2019	Martony, Isaza et al. (cold-stress syndrome; measurement of core body temperature)
			2019	Lonati et al. (periotic bones; age determination)
			2019	Woodworth et al. (Florida; Melanothamnus maniticola n.sp. (Rhodophyta).)
			2019	Suzuki et al. (comp. w/ TMM, in capt., Okinawa; fecal microbiota.)
			2019	Hill et al. (Florida, in capt.; diet)
			2019	Harshaw et al. (apparent digestibility of fiber)
			2019	Harvey et al. (serum iron analytes)
			2019	Wetzel et al. (inhibin B levels)
		*	2019	Vilaça & Santos (mitochondrial genome; comp. w/other Trichechus)
			2020	Reeves & Gillett-Kaufman (Florida; bitten by mosquitoes [Aedes, Anopheles, & Culex])
			2020	Barboza & Larkin (nasal cavity, turbinates, olfaction, & olfactory epithelium)
			2020	Barboza & Larkin (taste buds)
			2020	Fitt, W. (Florida; eating Chondrilla caribensis & other sponges)
			2020	Haase et al. (Florida; traveling to thermal refuges & foraging constraints)
			2020	Harvey et al. (serum iron analytes)
			2021	Meshida et al. (oblique muscles of eyeball)
			2021	Coward et al. (spermatozoa; morphology)
			2021	Edwards et al. (aggregations; monitoring by unmanned aerial systems)
			2021	Lazensky et al. (Florida; mortality increase; proteomic approach)
			2021	Cowart et al. (spermatozoa)
			2021	De María et al. (Florida; glyphosate pollution)
			2021	Brady et al. (vocalizations related to behavior)
		v	2021	Swanson, Jess (Florida; places to view them; pop. acc.)
			2021	Gonzalez et al. (Florida; nematode Cutidiplogaster manati and others)
		*	2021a	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (travel to Mexican Caribbean)
			2022	Allen et al. (Indian River Lagoon, Florida; diet; stomach contents)
			2022	Landsberg et al. (Florida; Indian River Lagoon mortality event; clostridial infection)
			2022	Le Duc et al. (genetics, comp. w/HG & DD; integument)
			2022	Meshida et al. (rectus extraocular muscles; comp. w/ cetaceans.)

Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 ( 505 )
	v		1526	Oviedo, G.F. de (hunting)
x	v		1733	Perrault, C. (gen. acc.; 190-191, 193-194, 198-199.)
x		*	1758	Linnaeus, C. (n.gen.n.sp.; 34.)
x			1769b	Bancroft, E. ("Trichecus"; Guyana; gen. acc.; 112-113.)
x			1773	Müller, P.L.S. ("Trichecus"; gen. acc.; 174-176, pl. 29.)
x			1778	Zimmermann, E.A.W. (distr. [includes DD]; distinguished from HG; 253-254.)
x		*	1780	Fabricius, O. (Greenland; 6.)
x			1780	Zimmermann, E.A.W. (diagnosis; 426-427.)
x			1791	Bartram, W. (Florida; 231-232.)
			1795	Forster, J.R.
			1798?	Cuvier, G.
x			1801	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; gen. acc.; stranded in Scotland; 85.)
x			1804	Wiedemann, C.R.W. (skull; 67-76.)
x			1808	Tiedemann, F. (syn. of Manatus australis; m555.)
x			1809	Descourtilz, M.E. (San Domingo; 2: 274-276.)
x			1817	Stewart, C. ("Trichecus"; gen. acc.; stranded in Scotland; 125.)
x			1821	Gray, J.E. (in classification; 309.)
x			1824	Harlan, R. (m390.)
			1833	Serres, M. de
x			1848	Schomburgk, R. (syn. of Manatus australis; 786.)
x			1850	Wyman, J. (syn. of Manatus Americanus; m45.)
x			1872	Maynard, C. J. (Florida; 142-143.)
x	v		1877	De Pourtales, L.F. (Florida & West Indies; distr.; 144.)
x			1880	LeBaron, J.F. ("Tricecus"; Florida; distr., hunting; 1005-1006.)
x			1884a	True, F.W. (in classification; 588.)
x		*	1884b	True, F.W. (gen. acc.; 114-128.)
x			1887	Rovirosa, J.N. (syn. of Manatus australis; m356.)
x	v		1898	Hill, R.T. (Cuba, m56; Jamaica, m199; Bahamas, m298.)
x			1901	Elliott, D.G. (m6.)
x			1904	Allen, J.A. (Colombia; 423.)
x			1904a	Lorenz, L.v. ("Trichecus"; m9.)
x			1910	Allen, J.A. (Nicaragua; m89, m94.)
x			1911	Thomas, O. (type locality fixed as West Indies; 131-132.)
x			1916	Sellards, E.H. (Pleist., Florida; 104.)
x			1918	Cuní y Valera, L.A. (syn. of Manatus americanus; 87-89.)
x			1918	Ménégaux, A. (Florida; attempted commercial use; 698-700.)
x			1918	Miller, G.S., Jr. (Virgin Islands; at archeological site; 509.)
			1919	Beebe, W. (Guyana; 226.)
x			1919	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ T. antiquus; 109-110.)
x			1919	Stiles, C.W. (North Carolina; in capt.; 658.)
x			1920	Goldman, E.A. (Panama; 68-71.)
			1924	Miller, G.S., Jr.
x			1924	Thomas et al. (type species of Manatus; m347.)
x			1925	ICZN (m38.)
x			1929	ICZN (m19.)
x			1929	Miller, G.S., Jr. (Dominican Republic; archeological sites; 11-12.)
x			1931	Travassos & Vogelsang (trematode Cochleotrema cochleotrema; 145.)
x			1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (trematode Schizamphistoma manati; 167.)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (synonymy, 534-537; comp. w/ other spp., 539-554, 560-561.)
x			1935	Murie, A. (Belize; 30.)
x			1941a	Gunter, G. (m63.)
			1944	Jel, P. de
x			1944	Pereira, M.N. (considered the "correct" name for the Amazonian manatee; 37.)
x	v	*	1946	Baughman, J.L. (early accounts; 234-237.)
x			1946b	Goodwin, G.G. (Costa Rica; 445.)
x			1947	Marden, L. (Guatemala; 546, 552, 558.)
x			1948	Mendes, A. (used as the "correct" name for the Amazonian manatee; 325.)
x			1951	Bourlière, F. (euryhaly; 194.)
x		*	1952	Hemming, F. (placed on Official List of Names in Zoology; 159-160.)
x			1954	Aragão, A. de (m55.)
x			1954	Gunter, G. (distr. & habits; 543-545.)
x		*	1955	Kellogg, W.N. (Florida; phonograph record of vocalizations.)
x			1958	Tomkins, I.R. (Georgia; 154.)
x			1959	Smith, F.G.W. (connections with mermaid legends; pop. acc.; 74-82.)
x			1960	Allsopp, W.H.L. (Guyana; weed control; 762.)
			1960d	Anon.
x			1960	Vúletin, A. (northern South America; gen. acc.; 124.)
x			1961	Cabrera, A. (synonymy; 310.)
			1964	Wauchope, R. (Yucatan)
x			1965	Bard, J. ("Trichecus"; Guyana; weed control; 5, 8.)
x			1965	Jones, J.K., Jr. (Nicaragua; Indian name; 354.)
x			1966	Randall, J.E. (m259.)
			1966	Pearsall, J. (Texas)
x			1967	MacLaren, J.P. (Panama; weed control; 388-393.)
x			1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (comp. w/ Sirenotherium; m347.)
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr., 6; synonymy, m12.)
x			1968	Wing et al. (Antigua; 129.)
x			1969	Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 3, 14-15.)
x			1970	Erdman, D.S. (Puerto Rico; 638.)
			1970	Mendez, E. (Panama)
			1970	Radhakrishnan & Bradley (trematodes Chiorchis fabaceus, Plicatolabia hagenbecki)
x			1972	Boorer, M.K. (in capt.; clockwise swimming; m165.)
			1972	Cousteau, J. (pop. acc.)
			1972?	Pilson & Goldstein
x			1973a	Anon. (Guyana; weed control; 5, 17.)
x			1973	Bertram & Bertram (distr. & status, 300, 316-321; econ. use, 321; captivity & weed control, 328-330.)
x			1973	Valentry, D. (supposed reluctance to breed in capt.; 290-291.)
x			1974	Bartmann, W. (in capt.; skin disease; 13-16.)
x			1974	Bertram, G.C.L. (conservation; 7, 13, 19.)
x		*	1974a	Hartman, D.S. (USA; distr., status, conservation; 1-247.)
x		*	1974	Mondolfi, E. (Venezuela; 6-22.)
x			1974a	Spurgeon, D. (Guyana; weed control; 238-239.)
x			1974	Tabuchi et al. (skin fungus; 127-134.)
x			1974	Webb, S.D. (Pleist., Florida; 18.)
x			1975b	Anon. (Florida; conception & birth in capt.; 6-7.)
x			1975d	Anon. (near Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana; 20.)
x			1976a	Anon. (Bahamas; 8.)
x			1976	Campbell, H.W. (gen. acc.; 1, 3-6.)
x			1976	Collard et al. (Pensacola Bay, Florida; 48.)
x			1976	Odell, D.K. (southern Florida; aerial survey; 203-206, 212.)
x			1976	Reynolds, J.E., III (Florida; behavior, popular misconceptions, & conservation; 209-214.)
x			1976	Wray, P. (pop. acc.; 13-15.)
x			1977	Browne & Lee (North Carolina; interview survey; 40.)
x			1977	Campbell & Irvine (Florida; feeding ecology; 249-251.)
x			1977	Campbell, H.W. (North Carolina; 396-397.)
			1977	Ernst, C.H. (in key)
x			1977	Van Bree & Duguy (Guyana & Cuba; 292.)
x		*	1977	Whitehead, P.J.P. (Brazil; early accounts & former southern distr.; 165-179, 184-185.)
x			1977	Whitmore & Gard (comp. w/ HG; 11.)
			1978	Belitsky & Belitsky (Dominican Republic)
x			1978	Campbell & Gicca (Mexico; status & distr.; 257-264.)
x			1978a	Domning, D.P. (myology, comp. w/ TI; 5, 8-57, 68-71.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs., 23, 116, 123, 125, 129, 131; possible Greenland record, 138-139.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (m578.)
x			1978	Irvine & Campbell (southeastern USA; aerial census; 613-617.)
x			1978	Odell et al. (Bahamas; 289-293.)
x		*	1978	Powell, J.A., Jr. (eating fish; 442.)
x		*	1978	Whitehead, P.J.P. (Brazil; early accounts & former southern distr.; 497-506.)
x			1979	Barrett, S.K. (Florida; mortality in flood-control dams; 26.)
x			1979	Bengtson & Magor (Belize; aerial survey; 230-232.)
			1979	Graham, F., Jr.
x		*	1979	Hartman, D.S. (Florida; ecology & behavior; i-viii, 1-153.)
			1979	Janson, T.
x			1979	Klein, E.H. (Honduras; status & distr.; 21-28.)
x			1979	Leatherwood, S. (Indian & Banana Rs., Florida; aerial survey; 47-48, 52-56, 58.)
x			1979	Odell & Reynolds (southern Florida; mortality; 572-577.)
			1979	Odell, D.K. (Everglades National Park, Florida)
x			1979a	Reynolds, J.E., III (Florida; behavior; pop. acc.; 44-53.)
x			1979	Twiss, J.R., Jr. (Florida; conservation; pop. acc.; 10-17.)
			1980	Barile, D.D. (Florida; conservation)
x			1980	Belitsky & Belitsky (Dominican Republic; 313-319.)
x			1980	Bullock et al. (sound production, comp. w/ TI; 130, 132.)
x			1980	Dekker, D. (birth & behavior in capt.; 21-26.)
x			1980	Inuzuka et al. (m640.)
x			1980	Irvine et al. (Florida; clinical parameters; 2-10.)
x			1980	Kurtén & Anderson (Pleist., North America; 341-342.)
x			1980	Miller et al. (tooth replacement; 128A.)
x			1980	Ohtomo et al. (clotting & clumping-factor reactions of plasma; 261-266.)
			1980	Patton, G.W. (Tampa Bay, Florida)
x			1980a	Sleeper, B. (Florida; pop. acc.; 42-47.)
x			1980	Telander, R. (Florida; pop. acc.; 28-35.)
x			1980	Domning & Myrick (bone histology; 205-206.)
x			1981a	Anderson, P.K. (behavior, comp. w/ DD; 642-644.)
x			1981	Asper & Searles (Florida; captive husbandry; 121-127.)
x			1981	Beck et al. (Florida; mortality, 1978; 76-85.)
x			1981	Best, R.C. (diet & nutrition; 3-13, 15, 17-24.)
x			1981a	Beusse et al. (Florida; mortality, 1974-77; 98-101.)
x			1981b	Beusse et al. (Florida; treatment of injuries; 111-120.)
x			1981a	Blair, D. (Florida; parasitic flukes; 13.)
x		*	1981	Brownell & Ralls (Florida; workshop proceedings; 1-154.)
x		*	1981	Brownell, Ralls & Reeves (Florida; review; 3-16.)
x			1981	Campbell & Irvine (Florida; winter mortality, 1976-77; 86-91.)
x			1981	Cardeilhac et al. (Florida; captive rearing of orphans; 141-146.)
x			1981a	Domning, D.P. (Brazil; distr. & status; 85-97.)
x			1981	Gunter & Corcoran (Mississippi; 97-99.)
x			1981	Irvine, Odell, & Campbell (Florida; mortality, 1974-77; 67-75.)
x			1981	Jenkins, R.L. (Florida; captive husbandry; 128-130.)
x			1981	Odell et al. (organ weights & sexual maturity; 52-65.)
x			1981	Odell, D.K. (Florida; growth in capt.; 131-140.)
x			1981	Powell & Waldron (use of Blue Spring, Florida; 41-51.)
x			1981	Powell et al. (Puerto Rico; status & distr.; 642-646.)
x			1981	Powell, J.A., Jr. (use of Crystal R., Florida; 33-40.)
x		*	1981a	Reynolds, J.E., III (Blue Lagoon, Miami; behavior; 233-242.)
x		*	1981b	Reynolds, J.E., III (Blue Lagoon, Miami; social behavior; 431-451.)
x			1981c	Reynolds, J.E., III (Miami; behavior & effects of human activities; 25-32.)
			1981d	Reynolds, J.E., III (digestive tract)
x			1981	Rose, P.M. (Florida; aerial survey at power plants, 1977-78; 22-24.)
x			1981	Schad et al. (Panama Canal; 1-4.)
			1981	Shane, S.H. (Brevard Co., Florida; use of power-plant effluents)
x			1981	Sleeper, B. (Florida; pop. acc.; 16-20.)
x			1981a	Smith, N.J.H. (Brazil; m184.)
x			1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (nematode Heterocheilus tunicatus; 310, 312.)
x			1981	Villa-R. & Colmenero-R. (southeastern Mexico; status; 703-707.)
x			1981	Zeiller, W. (Florida; captive husbandry; 103-110.)
			1981	Cadieux, C.L. (pop.acc.; 59-65.)
x			1982	Beck et al. (Florida; analysis of propeller wounds; 531-535.)
x			1982	Bengtson, J.L. (St. Johns R., Florida; ecology & behavior; 4668.)
x			1982	Best & Teixeira (Amap , Brazil; distr., status, hunting, natural history; 41-47.)
x			1982	Bonde, R.K. (Florida; accidental mortality; pop. acc.; 3-5.)
x			1982	Bullock et al. (auditory evoked potentials; 547-554.)
x			1982	Cohen et al. (retinal photoreceptors; 197-202.)
x			1982a	Domning, D.P. (Brazil; commercial exploitation; 122-124.)
x		*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (evolution; 600, 603-616.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (Pleist., Waccasassa R., Florida, 18; rostral deflection & diet, 62.)
x			1982	Domning, Rice et al. (distr. & status; 305-306.)
x			1982	Eberhardt, L.L. (Florida; censusing methods; 1-18.)
x			1982	Fairbairn & Haynes (Jamaica; aerial surveys; 289-293.)
x			1982	Fletemeyer, J. (Florida; sonar monitoring; 296-299.)
x			1982	Irvine et al. (western Florida; aerial surveys; 621-630.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (body proportions, 375; pelvis, 390-391.)
x			1982	Medway, Black & Rathbun (hematology; 11-15.)
x			1982	Michelson, R.C. (Florida; automated radiotracking; 79-85.)
x			1982	Montgomery et al. (Panama Canal; possible entry into Pacific Ocean; 257-258.)
			1982	Odell, D.K.
x			1982	Olsen, S.J. (identification of bones from archeological sites; 8, 41-42, 54, 56-57, 62, 66, 70, 75, 90.)
x		*	1982	Rathbun et al. (distr. north of Florida; 152-165.)
x			1982	Rattner, D. (Florida; pop. acc.; 29-31.)
x			1982	Reynolds & Krause (duodenum; 33-40.)
x			1982	Scott & Powell (Florida; commensal feeding by herons; 215-216.)
x			1982	Steel & Morris (vocalizations; 925.)
x		*	1982	Werzinger, J. (birth in capt., Nuremberg; 34-37.)
x			1982	Wing & Reitz (Caribbean; at archeological sites; 16, 24.)
x		*	1983	Bengtson, J.L. (Florida; food consumption in wild; 1186-1192.)
x		*	1983	Bonde et al. (salvage & necropsy manual; i-v, 1-175.)
x		*	1983	Bradley et al. (hypothetical use by Olmecs; 1-82.)
			1983	Brooks, J.D.
x			1983	Buergelt & Bonde (Florida; toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis; 1294-1296.)
x			1983a	Domning, D.P. (tooth replacement; pop. acc.; 8, 10-11.)
x			1983	Gunter & Perry (Mississippi; 513.)
x		*	1983	Irvine, A.B. (metabolism & distr. in Florida; 315-334.)
x			1983	Kinnaird & Valade (Jacksonville, Florida; use of power-plant refugia; 1-63.)
x		*	1983a	Kinnaird, M.F. (northeastern Florida; aerial census; 1-56.)
x			1983b	Kinnaird, M.F. (Florida; strategies to reduce boat-related mortality; 1-19.)
x			1983c	Kinnaird, M.F. (Florida; causes of boat-related mortality; 1-41.)
x		*	1983	Kochman et al. (Crystal R., Florida; temporal & spatial distr.; 69-124.)
x			1983	O'Shea, T.J. (Crystal R., Florida; potential herbicide hazards; 159-173.)
x		*	1983	Packard & Mulholland (Florida; aerial surveys, 1977-82; 1-119.)
x			1983	Packard & Nichols (Florida; sample sizes required for mark-recovery studies; 1-14.)
x			1983	Packard et al. (St. Johns R., Florida; aerial survey; 1-10.)
			1983a	Packard, J.M. (Crystal R., Florida)
		*	1983b	Packard, J.M. (Crystal R., Florida)
x			1983	Puckett, C. (Citrus Co., Florida; public attitudes; 321-346.)
x			1983	Rathbun et al. (Honduras; status; 301-308.)
x			1983a	Shane, S.H. (Florida; use of warm-water sources; pop. acc.; 40-44.)
x			1983b	Shane, S.H. (Brevard Co., Florida; abundance, distr., & movements; 1-9.)
x			1983	Sprent, J.F.A. (nematode Heterocheilus tunicatus; 69, 73-74.)
x			1983	Steel, C. (vocalizations; gen. acc.; 3160-3161.)
x			1983	Tiedemann, J.A. (Turkey Creek, Florida; behavior & use of creek; 1-8.)
x			1983	Wall, W.P. (bone density & aquatic adaptations; 197, 201-204.)
x			1983	Wilkins, K.T. (Pleist., Florida; 70, 76-77, 79.)
x			1984	Bazzini et al. (hemopoiesis in vertebral bodies; 19.)
x			1984	Buergelt et al. (Florida; pathology; 1331-1334.)
x			1984	Buergelt, C.D. (Florida; mortality, 1980-83; 28-29.)
			1984	Colmenero-R., L.C. (Mexico)
x			1984	Cornide, R.I. (Cuba; blood antibodies; 1.)
x			1984	DiPerna, P. (Florida; captive breeding; pop. acc.; 16-17.)
x			1984	Domning & Hayek (Florida; tooth wear & replacement; 121, 125.)
x			1984b	Domning, D.P. (Maryland & Virginia; pop. acc.; 5-6.)
x			1984	Hall, A.J. (Florida; photos; 400-413.)
x			1984	Irvine & Scott (Florida; development of marking techniques; 12-26.)
x			1984	Lewis et al. (Florida; feeding on algae; 189-191.)
x			1984	Lomolino & Ewel (digestive efficiencies; 176-179.)
			1984	Manzij & Piliptshuk
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (reproduction, comp. w/ DD; 771, 781, 784.)
x			1984	O'Shea et al. (Florida; contaminant concentrations; 741-748.)
x			1984	Packard, Frohlich et al. (Ft. Myers, Florida; abundance, 1983-84; 1-63.)
x			1984a	Packard, J.M. (Florida; impact on seagrass beds; 21-22.)
x			1984b	Packard, J.M. (review of marking techniques; 1-29.)
x		*	1984	Powell & Rathbun (northern Gulf of Mexico; 1-28.)
x			1984	Rainey et al. (molecular systematics; 586-587.)
x			1984	Reynolds & Ferguson (Dry Tortugas; implications for salinity tolerance; 187-189.)
x			1984	Riemer, D.N. (weed control; 138-141.)
x			1984	Schmitz & Lavigne (intrinsic rate of increase vs. body size & metabolic rate; 307-308.)
x			1984	Shane, S.H. (Brevard Co., Florida; use of power-plant effluents; 180-187.)
			1984	Sleeper, B.
x			1984	Snipes, R.L. (cecum; 67-78.)
x			1984	Watters et al. (Barbuda; archeological site; 404, 406-407, 409.)
x			1984	White, Francis-Floyd & Waterstrat (in capt., Miami; growth rates; 30-34.)
x			1984a	White, J.R. (births & breeding in capt.; pop. acc.; 414-418.)
x			1984b	White, J.R. (Florida; birth & breeding in capt., & release; 369-375.)
x			1985	Bengtson & Fitzgerald (Florida; vocalizations & behavior; 816-819.)
x			1985	Etheridge et al. (Florida; aquatic plant consumption; 21-25.)
x			1985	Kochman et al. (Crystal R., Florida; temporal & spatial distr.; 921-924.)
x			1985	Mackay-Sim et al. (vomeronasal organ absent; 186-194.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (comp. w/ indeterminate Peruvian sir.; passage through Panama Canal; 209.)
x			1985	O'Shea, Beck et al. (Florida; mortality, 1976-81; 1-11.)
x			1985	O'Shea, Rathbun et al. (Florida; no evidence for capture myopathy; 335-349.)
x			1985	Packard, Frohlich et al. (Ft. Myers, Florida; use of power plant, 1984-85; 1-20.)
x			1985a	Packard, J.M. (aerial survey techniques; i-vi, 1-68.)
x			1985b	Packard, J.M. (population model; 1-19.)
x			1985	Packard, Summers & Barnes (St. Johns R., Florida; aerial survey; 347-351.)
x			1985	Qiu, Y.-X. (in capt., Beijing; 35-36.)
x			1985	Ralph et al. (pineal body absent; 55-60.)
x			1985	Rathbun, Woods & Ottenwalder (Haiti; status & distr.; 234-236.)
x			1985	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1982-83; 413-422.)
x			1985	Rowlatt & Marsh (heart & great vessels; 95-106.)
x			1986	Bazzini et al. (hemopoiesis in vertebral bodies; 150-152.)
x			1986	Burn, D.M. (digestion & digestive efficiency; 139-142.)
x		*	1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (Mexico; distr., status, ecology, conservation; 955-1020.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation; 87-144.)
x			1986	Kinnaird, M.F. (South Carolina; pop. acc.; 6-10.)
			1986	Ness, P.S.
x			1986	O'Shea, T.J. (Florida; feeding on acorns; 183-185.)
x		*	1986	Packard & Wetterqvist (northwestern Florida; habitat; 279-310.)
x			1986	Packard et al. (Ft. Myers, Florida; aerial survey; 265-275.)
			1986	Patton, G.W. (Florida)
x			1986	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; use of power-plant refugia, 1984-85; 103-113.)
x			1986	Shoshani et al. (immunologically related to proboscideans; 431-436.)
x			1986	Sleeper, B. (Florida; pop. acc.; 86-99.)
		*	1986	Sokolov, V.E. (Cuba; morphology)
x			1986	Steininger, F.F. ("Trichechinus"; St. Lucia; archeological site; 42, 74, pl. 7.)
x			1986	Watson & Bonde (malformations of flippers; 294-301.)
x		*	1987	Bergey & Baier (lung mechanical properties; 63-75.)
x			1987c	Domning, D.P. (Florida; fossil record; pop. acc.; 1-2.)
x			1987	Elias et al. (lipids in epidermis; 161-177.)
x			1987	Estrada & Ferrer (western Cuba; distr. & status; 1-12.)
x			1987	Mossman, H.W. (fetal membranes; 267-269.)
			1987	Patton et al. (Florida)
x			1987	Reynolds & Wilcox (Florida; use of power-plant refugia; pop. acc.; 263-269.)
x			1987	Sleeper, B. (Florida; pop. acc.; 18-22.)
x			1987	Walsh et al. (Florida; omphalitis & peritonitis; 702-704.)
x			1987	Wootton, J.T. (body mass & age at first reproduction; m748.)
			1988b	Anon. (Georgia; pop. acc.)
			1988c	Anon. (pop. acc.)
x			1988	Assis et al. (chromosomes, comp. w/ TI; 48-49.)
		*	1988	Beeler & O'Shea (southeastern USA; distr. & mortality)
x			1988	Bulman, P. (Florida; boat kills & law enforcement; 23.)
x			1988	Carowan, G. (Florida; rehabilitation & release; in capt., Epcot Center, Orlando; 5.)
x			1988	Dailey et al. (Florida; boat kill, parasites; 159.)
x			1988	Fischer, M.S. (ear anatomy; 365-379.)
			1988	Nabor & Patton (Florida)
x			1988	O'Shea et al. (Venezuela; distr., status, traditional significance; 281-301.)
x			1988	Provancha & Provancha (Banana R., Florida; abundance & distr.; 323-338.)
x			1988	Rathbun, G.B. (Florida; aerial survey methods; 71-75.)
			1988	Reynolds & Gluckman (Florida; conservation)
			1988a	Reynolds & Wilcox (Florida; aerial surveys)
			1988	Silverberg & Morris (Florida; winter diet)
			1988	Wilhelm et al. (Florida; scar patterns)
			1989b	Colmenero-R., L.C. (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
x			1989	Buffrénil & Schoevaert (pachyostosis, comp. w/ DD; 2107, 2113, 2116, 2118.)
			1989	Coy Otero, A. (Cuba; trematode Chiorchis groschafti)
x			1989	Hill & Reynolds (kidney; 53-56.)
x			1989	Hulbert & Morgan (Early Pleist., Florida; 11.)
x			1989	Lazcano-B. & Packard (Tamaulipas, Mexico; 202-205.)
x		*	1989	Lefebvre et al. (distr., status, & biogeography; 567-609.)
x			1989	Maluf, N.S.R. (kidney; 269-286.)
x			1989	Palmer, D. (Georgia; construction of artificial warm-water refugium; 7.)
x			1989	Perrin & Kashiwada (specimen at La Jolla, Calif.; 17.)
x			1989b	Preen, A. (sexual behavior, comp. w/ DD; 382, 386.)
			1990	Buckingham, C.A. (Florida; response to disturbance)
x			1990	Fernandez & Jones (Texas; 103.)
			1990	Morgan & Patton (Florida)
			1990	Mou Sue et al. (Panama; distr. & status)
x		*	1990	O'Shea & Reep (encephalization quotients & life history; 534-543.)
x		*	1990	Rathbun et al. (Florida; distr. & movements; 1-33.)
			1990	Reep & O'Shea (brain)
x			1990a	Turner, R.O. (Florida; new sanctuary established; 10.)
x			1990b	Turner, R.O. (Florida; legislation; 7.)
			1990	Fischer, M.S. (ear region; affinities with elephants)
			1991	Pinto de Lima & Borobia (TMM; South America)
x			1991	Chow, B.A. (digestion; pop. acc.; 36.)
			1991	Colmenero-R., L.C. (Mexico; recovery plan)
x			1991	Frey, R. ("Triechus"; skeleton & locomotor muscles; 279-282.)
x			1991	Haigh, M.D. (Guyana; weed control; 339-349.)
x			1991	Joeckel, R.M. (mandibular proportions; 463.)
			1991	Kadel, Dukeman & Patton (western Florida; aerial surveys, 1988)
			1991	Kadel, Morgan & Patton (western Florida; aerial surveys, 1990)
x			1991	Lefebvre & Kochman (Florida; aerial survey methodology; 298-309.)
x			1991	O'Shea & Salisbury (Belize; status & distr.; 156-164.)
x			1991	Provancha & Hall (Florida; impact on seagrass beds; 87-98.)
x			1991	Reid et al. (TML; Florida; distr. & movements; 180-190.)
x			1991	Schweigert et al. (vitamin A, à-tocopherol, & lipid levels in plasma; 37.)
x			1992	Borobia & Lodi (northeastern Brazil; distr. & conservation; 37-43.)
			1992	Grubel da Silva, Paludo et al. (Paraíba, Brazil)
			1992	Grubel da Silva, Soavinski et al. (Brazil; in capt.)
x			1992	Hulbert, R.C., Jr. (Pleist., Florida; in checklist; 29.)
x			1992	Marmontel et al. (reproductive biology; 295-312.)
			1992	Morales & Olivera (Mexico; gen. acc.)
x			1992	Ortiz et al. (Cuba; copepod Harpactichechus manatorum & peritrichid protozoan; 117-119.)
			1992a	Pinto de Lima et al. (Brazil; distr. & status)
			1992b	Pinto de Lima et al. (Brazil)
x			1992	Shackley, M. (Florida; effects of tourism; 257-265.)
x			1993	Healy, P. (Honduras; supposed manatee effigies on prehistoric pottery; 202-203.)
x			1993	Cave, A.J.E. (absence of pituitary fossa & dorsum sellae; 256-258.)
x			1993	Fischer & Tassy (tail muscles, 223; ear, perilymphatic foramen; 225-227.)
x			1993	Shoshani, J. (gular muscles; 246.)
x			1993	Sutty, L. (Caribbean; pop. acc.; 20-21.)
x			1993	Turner & Buckingham (Kings Bay, Georgia; accidental mortality & manatee protection plan; 1, 10-11.)
x			1994	Agudo, A.I. (Venezuela; specimens in museums; 1-8.)
x			1994	Bruenderman & Terwilliger (Virginia; pop. acc.; 18-19.)
x			1994	Gerstein, E.R. (in capt., Florida; behavior & sense perception experiments; 10-21.)
x			1994	Johnson et al. (brain traits; 322-325, 328-329, 333-339.)
x		*	1994	Tschada, P. (in capt., Nuremberg; behavior; 33-50.)
			1995	Martínez, A. (in capt.)
			1995	Mondolfi, E. (Venezuela; conservation action plan)
x			1995	Anderson & Barclay (hearing & vocalizations, comp. w/ DD; 1234-1235.)
x			1995	Lanyon & Marsh (digesta passage times, comp. w/DD; 120, 122-125.)
x	v		1995	Schiro & Fertl (Texas; 4-5.)
x			1995	Schwartz, F.J. (North Carolina, 1919-1994; 53-60.)
			1995	U.N.E.P. (regional management plan)
x			1996	Boice, L.P. (Georgia & Puerto Rico; protective efforts by U.S. Navy; 3-4.)
x			1996	Giffin & Gillett (TM; homologies of cervical nerves & vertebrae; 214-218.)
x			1996	Griebel & Schmid (in capt., Nuremberg; color vision; 2747-2757.)
x			1996	Lavergne et al. (mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequence; 245-258.)
x			1996	Pain, S. (Florida; protective devices on flood-control gates; 22.)
x			1996	Reid, J.P. (Florida; individual radio-tracked to Rhode Island; 13.)
x			1996	Russel, M. (Houston, Texas; rescue; 18-19.)
x			1996	Schiro et al. (northwestern Gulf of Mexico; 28-29.)
x			1996	Tikel et al. (Florida; mtDNA sequence, comp. w/ DD; 457.)
x			1996	Turner, R.O. (southwest Florida; 1996 die-off; 27.)
			1997	Griebel & Schmid (in capt., Nuremberg; brightness discrimination; 1587-1592.)
x			1997	Jefferson & Baumgardner (Texas; specimens in Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection; 106.)
x			1997	Mignucci G. et al. (specimens in museum, Univ. of Puerto Rico; 288-292.)
			1997	Morales & Olivera (Quintana Roo, Mexico; distr.)
x			1997	Ozawa et al. (mtDNA sequence & tethythere phylogeny; 406-413.)
x			1997	Reid, J.P. (Puerto Rico; radiotracking; 22-23.)
			1998	Jiménez-M. et al. (TML, TMM; immunoglobulin G)
		*	1998	Garcia-R. et al. (phylogeography)
x			1998	Bisbal E., F.J. (Venezuela; 179.)
x			1998	Deutsch et al. (Florida, Georgia, Puerto Rico; radio-tracking; 18-29.)
x			1998	Goodwin et al. (caudal vertebrae comp. w/ ?prorastomid; m814.)
x			1998	Kondrashov, P.E. (cranial & mandibular characters & phylogeny; 420-424.)
x			1998	Mignucci G. & Beck (Puerto Rico; diet; 394-397.)
x			1998	Rathbun, G.B. (Florida; gen. acc.; 146-151.)
			1999	Walsh et al. (pneumotosis intestinalis)
x	v		1999	Maynard, T. (Florida, Belize; pop. acc.; 34-37.)
x			1999	Miller et al. (Florida; strip-transect aerial survey methods; 561-570.)
x			1999	Ortiz et al. (in capt., Florida & Brazil; water-turnover experiments; 33-38.)
x			1999	Smethurst & Nietschmann (Costa Rica; distr. & status; 267-274.)
x			1999	Stewart, D. (Florida; pop. acc.; 40-47.)
x			1999	Uchida et al. (in capt., Okinawa; recommendations on care & transport; 131-133.)
x			1999	Walker & Macko (carbon & nitrogen isotopes in teeth; 316-317, 319, 322-329, 331.)
x			2000	Lefebvre et al. (Florida & Puerto Rico; seagrass use; 289-298.)
x			2000	Cowan, D.F. (Texas; death from starvation & cold; 5.)
x			2001	Baumgardner & Brooks (Texas; 292-294.)
			2001	Jiménez P., I. (Costa Rica; status; 18-30.)
x			2002	Romero et al. (Grenada; 486, 493.)
x			2002	Verdon, M. (Florida; conflicts with boaters; 89-94.)
			2003	Hatfield et al. (iridocorneal angle of eye)
			2003	Thoisy et al. (French Guiana)
		*	2003	Deutsch et al. (Atlantic coast of USA; migration & site fidelity)
x			2003	Falcón et al. (Puerto Rico; shark attack; 6-11.)
x			2003	Mignucci et al. (Jamaica; in capt.; 7-12.)
x			2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 82.)
x			2004	Ortiz & Worthy (body fat & cold susceptibility of calves; 176-183.)
x		*	2004	Williams & Domning (?Pleist., Arkansas, Ohio; 167-176.)
x			2004	Uhen, M.D. (vertebrae, comp. w/ Dorudon; 149-152.)
x			2005	Brant, Joel G.; Jones, Clyde (?TMM; Texas; 3.)
			2005	Fertl et al. (northern Gulf of Mexico)
x			2005	Siciliano & Franco (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro; 36.)
			2005	Jiménez P., I. (TMM; Costa Rica & Nicaragua; habitat use)
			2005	Olivera-G. & Mellink (Bahia de Chetumal, Mexico)
			2005	Natiello et al. (ciliary body)
			2005	Natiello & Samuelson (ciliary body)
			2006	Teixeira & Papavero (TMM; Bahia, Brazil; Cabral expedition, 1500-1501)
			2006	Newman & Robinson (visual pigments)
			2006	Debrot et al. (TMM; Dutch Antilles)
			2007	Siciliano et al. (Ilja de Marajó, northern Brazilian coast)
			2007b	Borges et al. (in capt., Brazil; Cryptosporidium)
			2007	Fertl & Fulling (interactions with turtles)
			2007	Serrano et al. (Veracruz, Mexico)
			2007c	Borges et al. (TMM; Brazil; threats and injuries from motorboats)
			2007	Quintana-R. & Reynolds (regional management plan)
			2008	Borges et al. (northeastern Brazil; food items consumed)
			2008	McHale et al. (PCR assay for sex assignment)
			2008	Ojasti & Lacabana (Venezuela; 72.)
			2008	Tripp et al. (serum immunoassay)
			2009	Schwarz & Runge (age estimation; body length; Bayesian analysis)
			2009	Kasamatsu et al. (in capt.; serum lipid compositions, lipid peroxide, alpha-tocopherol & lipoproteins)
			2009	Roudebush et al. (anti-Mullerian hormone ELISA)
x			2009	Dulvy et al. (anthropogenic depletion; m137.)
			2009	Harvey et al. (TML; hematology)
			2009	Pabody et al. (Alabama)
			2009	Muschett et al. (Panama; fecal sampling for DNA analysis)
			2009	Miksis-Olds & Tyack (noise levels & vocalizations)
x			2010	Mignucci-G., A.A. (Puerto Rico; children's book; iv + 56.)
x			2010	Winger, J. (Florida; pop. acc.; 24-29.)
			2010	Swain & Decker (simulating coastal wetland temperature)
			2011	Emin-Lima et al. (Brazil; 46, 52-53.)
x			2011	Gomes R. et al. (horizontal tooth replacement; 1-5.)
			2011	Melillo-Sweeting et al. (Bimini, Bahamas)
			2011	Lange et al. (papillomaviruses)
			2011	Campagna et al. (Gulf of Mexico; oil spill)
			2011	Ferreira et al. (forensic genetics)
			2011	Lieven et al. (in capt., Okinawa; nematode Cutidiplogaster manati)
			2012	Bonde et al. (genetics; conservation)
			2012	Self-Sullivan & Mignucci-Giannoni (Caribbean Sea; distribution, status, & conservation)
			2012	Buchholtz et al. (differentiation of cervical vertebrae & muscularization of diaphragm)
			2012	Gonzalez & Olivera (use of side-scan sonar)
			2012	Rivas Rodriguez et al. (Orinoco R., Venezuela; distribution, habitat use, & population status)
x			2013	Friedman-Rudovsky, J. (Cuba-Florida collaborative research; 447.)
			2013	O'Leary et al. (Sirenia placed in context of other placental orders; 663-664 + supplemental material.)
			2013	Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology)
x			2013	Senter & Snow (comp. w/ forelimb skeleton of Bartholin's (1654) "merman"; Brazil; 257-262.)
			2013	Pozo-Montuy, G. (Mexico; conservation)
			2014	Navarro-M. et al. (Cuba; diet)
			2014	Mojica-F. et al. (Santander, Colombia; water quality of preferred sites)
x			2014	Fuller, J. (pop. acc.; 51.)
	D		2014	Cooper et al.
			2015	Castelblanco et al. (Colombia; conservation)
			2015	Sidrim et al. (TI, in capt.; Brazil; yeast microbiota)
			2015	Houssaye et al. (osteosclerosis)
			2016	Takeuchi et al. (Florida, Belize; trace metals)
			2016	Cosentino & Fisher (South America; as bushmeat)
			2016	Sidrim et al. (in capt.; Candida spp. antifungal resistance & virulence)
			2017	Ferrer et al. (Venezuela; plan of action for 2017-2027: 36-41.)
			2017	Serrano et al. (Veracruz, Mexico)
		*	2017	Gaudry et al. (UCP1-mediated thermogenesis)
			2017	Hieb et al. (Alabama, Mississippi)
			2018	Domning, D.P. (radius-ulna; Pleist.; Maryland, Calvert Cliffs; 242.)
			2019	Palmer et al. (Florida, Puerto Rico; PFAS in plasma)
		*	2019	Lima et al. (TI x TM hybrid zone near Amazon River mouth)
			2019	Vilaça et al. (TI x TM hybridization; French Guiana)
			2019	Carvalho et al. (Brazil; cerebral & cardiac congenital malformations in neonates)
			2020	Cowart et al. (semen)
			2020	Bonvicino et al. (South America; distribution)
			2020	Cowart et al. (semen characterization)
		*	2020	Perini et al. (comp. w/Trichechus hesperamazonicus)
		*	2020	Bell et al. (Pleist., Texas)
			2021	Cloyed et al. (Gulf of Mexico; migration)
			2021	Lima et al. (conservation; discordant taxonomic and evolutionary units)
			2021	Souza et al. (mitogenomes; evolutionary history)
			2021	Hieb et al. (threats from bridge construction)
			2022	Izidoro & Schiavetti (Brazil; economic importance, manatee watching, tourism)
			????	Contreras Fleury et al. (Mexico; conservation status)

Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758, Hatt, 1934 ( 262 )
	v	*	1507	Anon. (?earliest published description of a manatee)
	v		1550	Las Casas, B. de
			1560	SEE Anchieta, J. de, 1799.
			1566	SEE Landa, D. de, 1941.
			1624	SEE C. de Lisboa in Walter, J., 1967.
			1627	SEE Salvador, V. do, 1931?.
x	v		1665	Rochefort, C. de (Antilles; 194-195, 199.)
x	v		1666	La Barre, A. (Guianas; meat obtained by French, English, & Dutch, 14; m31.)
x	v		1667	Rochefort, C. de (Antilles; 391-394, 402.)
x	v		1743	Barrere, P. (French Guiana; 159-162, 1 pl.)
x	v		1763	Bellin, S. (Guianas; gen. acc.; 65-66, pl. 5.)
x	v		1769a	Bancroft, E. (Guyana; gen. acc.; 186-187.)
x	v		1785	Bondaroy, A.D.F. de ("grand lamentin des Antilles"; hide; 30-32.)
x	v		1796	Stedman, J.G. (Suriname; "manatee", 1: 221, 2: 175-176; "mermaid", 2: 176-178.)
x	v		1801	Edwards, B. (West Indies; 1: 127.)
x	v		1805	Pitou, L.-A. (TMM; French Guiana; gen. acc.; 2: 259-260.)
x	v		1807	Bolingbroke, H. (Guyana; gen. acc.; 234.)
x	v		1821b	Home, E. (Jamaica; comp. w/ DD; 390-391, pls. 26-29.)
	v		1826	Humboldt, A.v. (Bahia de Jagua, Cuba; use of freshwater springs at sea)
x	v		1871	Myers & Myers (Orinoco R.; 102-103.)
x	v		1874	Estacio da Silveira, S. (Maranhão, Brazil; econ. use; 26-27.)
x	v		1875	Anon. (from Guyana; in capt., London; 295.)
	v		1888	Armas, J.I. de
x	v		1898	Kirke, H. (from Guyana; in capt., London; 134-135.)
x	v		1904	Wilcox, W.A. (Puerto Rico; netting; 387.)
x	v		1911	Gann, T.W.F. (Belize; archeological sites; 78, 82.)
x	v		1917	Rodway, J. (Guyana; "water mamma"; 491, 499.)
x	v		1920	Beebe, W. (Georgetown Botanical Gardens, Guyana; 730-732.)
x	v		1928	Cundall, F. (Jamaica; m139, 143.)
x	v	*	1929	Castro, E. de (?manatees; Pernambuco, Brazil, ca. 1526; 160.)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (new subspecies; distr., 538; skeleton, 539-554, 560-561.)
x		*	1935	Barrett, O.W. (Central America & West Indies; gen. acc.; 216-219.)
x	v		1937	Turner, J.P. (Guyana; photo; 498.)
x	v		1939	Wavrin, M. de (northern South America; hunting; 194-196.)
x	v		1940	Crouse, N.M. (West Indies; in 17th century commerce; 110.)
x			1941a	Gunter, G. (m60.)
x	v	*	1941	Landa, D. de ("TML"; Yucatan; hunting, 16th century; 190-191.)
x	v		1942	Morison, S.E. (Haiti, sighted by Columbus in 1493, 309-310; Cuba, caught with remoras in 1494, 457; Cuba, using freshwater springs, 459; Dominican Republic, caught in 1502, 592.)
x	v		1949	Sanderson, I.T. ("Manatus sp."; Suriname; 781.)
x			1949	Vieira, C.O.C. (m268.)
x			1951a	Moore, J.C. (probable occurrence in Texas; distinguishing characters; 16-18.)
x			1954	Lawrence, J.E. (m402.)
x			1955	Miller & Kellogg (synonymy; 790.)
x	v		1956b	Anon. (Puerto Rico; sound production; 39.)
x	v		1957	Pollock & Ray (Mayapan, Mexico; carved rib; 644, 653.)
x			1959	Hershkovitz, P. (synonymy; 342.)
x	v		1960a	Anon. (Guyana; weed control; 58.)
x			1960	Ray, C.E. (Lesser Antilles; 412-413.)
x			1961	Cabrera, A. (South America; synonymy & distr.; 310-311.)
x			1962	Bertram & Bertram (Guyana; conservation & weed control; 1329.)
x			1963	Bertram & Bertram (Guyana; status & econ. use; 90-93.)
		*	1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (Guyana; gen. acc.)
x	v		1963	Hofmeister, M. (from Guyana; in capt., Toledo, Ohio; 12.)
x		*	1964a	Bertram & Bertram (Guyana; 115-120.)
x		*	1965	Lluch B., D. (Mexico; natural history, methods of capture; 405-419.)
x	v		1965	Ruschi, A. ("T. inunguis"; Espirito Santo, Brazil; 30.)
x			1967	Browder, J. (m5.)
x			1967	Feriz, H. (comp. w/ clay sculpture of TI; 373-374.)
x			1968	Charnock-Wilson, J. (Belize; 293-294, pls. 13-14.)
x			1968	Gewalt, W. (in capt., Duisburg, Germany; 123-125.)
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr.; 6.)
x			1970	Charnock-Wilson, J. (Belize; 236.)
x			1971a	Banks da Rocha, N. (Brazil; 101-103.)
x			1971b	Banks da Rocha, N. (Brazil; 133.)
x			1971	Jones, M.L. (in capt.; 85.)
x			1972	Coimbra-Filho, A.F. (possible occurrence in Brazil; 83-84.)
x			1973	Sonoda & Takemura (vocalizations; 19-24.)
x			1974a	Dekker, D. (Suriname; 4 captured; 68.)
x			1974b	Dekker, D. (Suriname; gen. acc.; 1-3.)
			1974	Jhingran & Gopalakrishnan
x	v		1974	Sanger, C. (Guyana; weed control; captive breeding; 23.)
x	v		1974b	Spurgeon, D. (Guyana; weed control; 10-11.)
x			1975	Kirkpatrick & Cartwright (Belize; m139.)
x			1975	Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (in capt., Brazil; 223-226.)
x			1976	Loveland, F.O. (Nicaragua; hunting, ritual, & symbolic significance; 70-82.)
x			1977a	Domning, D.P. (myology, comp. w/ DD; 2-26.)
x		*	1978	Husson, A.M. (Suriname; distr., natural history; 334-339, pls. 90-91.)
x			1980	Banks da Rocha, N. (in key; 147-148.)
			1980	Varona, L.S. (gen. acc.)
x			1981	Gunter & Corcoran (subspecific distinctness unlikely; 97-98.)
x			1982a	Anon. (Paraíba, Brazil; 3.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m372, 380-381.)
x			1982	Sylvestre & Barloy (gen. acc.; 62-63.)
x		*	1984	Colmenero-R., L.C. (Mexico; distr. & status; 243-254.)
x			1984	Galantsev & Mukhametov (cardiac rates & respiration; locations of venous sinuses; 201-205.)
x		*	1985	McKillop, H.I. (Caribbean & Maya areas; prehistoric exploitation; 337-353.)
x			1985	Mühling, P. (in capt., Nuremberg; 3 births; 8-16.)
x			1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (Mexican manatees ?intermediate between TMM & TML; 968.)
x		*	1986	Colmenero-R., L. (Mexico; diet, seasonal movements, seasonal breeding; 589-602.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation; taxon considered valid; 89, 112-126, 129-130.)
x			1987	Kraus, M. (in capt., Nuremberg; birth of twins; m33.)
x			1987	Mühling, P. (in capt., Nuremberg; birth of twins; 18-19.)
x	v		1989	García M rquez, G. (Colombia; hunting & in capt.; fictional account; 142, 324, 331-332, 336-337, 344.)
x		*	1989	Lefebvre et al. (distr., status, biogeography; 567-609.)
			1990	Oliveira et al. (northeastern Brazil; mortality)
			1990	Colmenero-R. & Zárate (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
			1990	Freeman & Quintero (Puerto Rico; distr.)
x	v		1991b	Anon. (Brazil; conservation; 221.)
			1992	Correa-Viana & O'Shea (Venezuela)
			1994	Converse et al. (blood chemistry, morphometry)
x			1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (status & conservation; 155, 157-158.)
			1994	Morales-V. & Olivera-G. (Bahia de Chetumal, Mexico)
x			1995	Reynolds et al. (Costa Rica; status & conservation; 193-196.)
x	v		1995	Wille, C. (Belize & Caribbean; pop. acc.; 16-23.)
x			1995	Jagan, J. (Guyana; children's story; 59-62.)
x			1996	Blaszkiewitz, B. (in capt., Germany; history, 1884-1995; 22-23.)
x		*	1996	Marmontel et al. (Puerto Rico, Belize; age determination by growth layers in bone; 56, 79-80, 82.)
			1996	Reinhard, R. (in capt., Singapore; 22-23.)
x			1997	Romeu, E. (Mexico; gen. acc.; 2-6.)
			1998	Mignucci-G., A.A. (in capt.; northeastern Caribbean region)
			1998	Auil, N.E. (Belize manatee recovery plan)
			1998	Paludo, D. (northeast Brazil; ecology & conservation)
x			1998	Axis-A. et al. (Mexico; habitat use; 791-803.)
x			1998	Bachteler & Dehnhardt (in capt.; sensitivity of vibrissae; 44.)
x			1998	Blaszkiewitz, B. (in capt., Berlin; stillbirth; 134.)
x			1998	Marsh et al. (Puerto Rico; fragment size of stomach contents, comp. w/ DD & TML; 250-255.)
x			1998	Ortiz et al. (osmoregulation; 449-457.)
			1998	Portillo F., J.A. (Isla de Toas, Venezuela)
x			1999	Bachteler & Dehnhardt (in capt.; sensitivity of vibrissae; 61-69.)
			2000	Vergara et al. (Brazil; milk composition)
x			2000	Beveridge, J. (Belize; photos; 45.)
			2000	Blaszkiewitz, B. (in capt., Berlin; premature birth)
			2000	Jiménez P., I. (Costa Rica, Nicaragua)
			2001	Morales-V. & Padilla-S. (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
		*	2001	Lefebvre et al. (status & biogeography)
x			2001	Blaszkiewitz, B. (in capt., Berlin; birth of twins; 427-429.)
x			2001	Reep et al. (vibrissae; m3.)
			2001	IBAMA (Brazil; conservation action plan)
			2001b	Anon. (Mexico; conservation)
			2001	Montoya et al. (Colombia)
			2002	Paludo & Langguth (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil)
			2002	Creswell, J. (Barbados)
			2002	Jiménez P., I. (Nicaragua; poaching)
			2002	Olivera-G. & Mellink (Bahia de Chetumal, Mexico)
			2002	Nowacek et al. (Belize; behavioral responses to vessel approaches)
			2003	Marshall et al. (orofacial morphology & feeding)
			2003	Jiménez P., I. (Nicaragua & Costa Rica)
x			2003	Caldas, S.T. (Brazil; pop. acc.; 56-58.)
x	v		2004	Carvajal, J. (ed.) (Puerto Rico; recipe; 100-101.)
			2004	Linares & Rivas (Venezuela)
			2004	Parente et al. (Brazil; strandings)
			2004	Self-Sullivan et al. (seasonal occurrence of males on Belize Barrier Reef)
			2005	Castelblanco-M., Holguín, & Zapata (Colombia; conservation)
			2005	Castelblanco-M. et al. (Colombia)
			2005	Lima et al. (training in management behaviors)
			2005	Spiegelberger & Ganslosser (French Guiana; bank feeding)
			2006	Reid, J.P. (Puerto Rico; research programs; gen. acc.)
			2006	Mann et al. (nonlinear dynamics in vocalizations)
			2006	Siegal-Willott et al. (electrocardiography)
			2006	D'Affonseca Neto & Vergara-P. (veterinary medicine)
			2007	Lowry et al. (Puerto Rico; conservation status & history of U.S. listing)
			2007	Silva et al. (in capt.; serum chemistry values)
			2008	Luna, Araújo et al. (northern coast of Brazil)
			2008	Moore et al. (Puerto Rico; cardiac failure)
			2008	Morales-V. et al. (crustacean epibiont Hexapleomera robusta)
			2008	Rodas-Trejo et al. (Chiapas, Mexico)
			2008	Luna et al. (Brazil; conservation status)
			2008	Mercadillo-Elguero et al. (Quintana Roo, Mexico; in semi-captivity; ethogram, rehabilitation)
			2008	Di Carlo & Kenworthy (Puerto Rico; recovery of Thalassia from grazing)
			2008	LaCommare et al. (Belize; habitat use)
			2008	Sousa-Lima et al. (in capt., Brazil; vocalizations)
			2009	Gonzalez-S. et al. (Mexico; detection by side-scan sonar)
			2009	Borges et al. (Cryptosporidium infection)
			2009	Carvalho et al. (Brazil; Pulmonicola cochleotrema)
			2009	Silva et al. (hematology; age variations)
			2009a	Castelblanco-M. et al. (Orinoco R., Colombia)
			2009	Choi et al. (Brazil; design of refuge area)
			2009b	Castelblanco-M. et al. (Chetumal Bay, Mexico; diet)
			2009	Colon-Llavina et al. (Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands; parasites)
			2010	Alves-Stanley et al. (Belize, Puerto Rico; feeding preferences; stable isotopes)
			2010	Hénaut et al. (in capt., Mexico; activities & social interactions)
		*	2010	Hunter, Auil et al. (Belize; genetic diversity)
x			2010	Suárez-M. et al. (Mexico; copepod Balaenophilus manatorum; 847-859.)
			2010	Luna et al. (Brazil; distribution on northern coast)
			2011	Kikuchi et al. (in capt.; avoidance of nets)
			2011	Alsina-Guerrero, M. (blood values)
			2011	Auil Gomez, N. E. (Belize; anthropogenic threats)
			2011	LaCommare, K. S. (Belize; conservation & habitat ecology)
			2011	Álvarez A., A. (Cuba)
			2011	Nourisson et al. (Mexico; genetic diversity)
			2011	Borges et al. (Brazil; Cryptosporidium)
			2011	Donà et al. (Belize; seroepidemiology of papillomavirus)
			2012	Luna et al. (northeast Brazil; phylogeography; release)
			2012	Hoson et al. (fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
			2012	Daniel-Rentería et al. (Alvarado Lagoon System, Veracruz, Mexico)
			2012	Satizabal et al. (TI, TMM; South America; phylogeography)
			2012	LaCommare et al. (Belize; population monitoring)
			2012	Alvarado-Esquivel et al. (in capt., Mexico; Toxoplasma gondii)
			2012	Morales-Serna et al. (Mexico; parasitic copepods)
			2012	Bauer et al. (tactile discrimination of textures)
			2012	Castelblanco-M., Padilla-S., et al. (Chetumal Bay, Mexico & Belize; movement patterns, habitat use)
			2012	Hunter et al. (genetic distinction from TML)
			2012	Castelblanco-M., Nourisson, et al. (population viability)
			2012	Sulzner et al. (Belize; hematology, immunology)
			2012	Bossart et al. (Puerto Rico; Toxoplasma gondii; gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, myocarditis)
			2012	Wong et al. (Belize, Puerto Rico; oral temperature, heart & respiration rate, blood chemistry)
			2012	Castelblanco-M. et al. (Chetumal Bay, Mexico; feeding ecology)
			2012	Ciotti & Secchi (Brazil; diet)
			2012	Castelblanco-M., Morales-V., & Padilla-S. (Mexico; craniometrical predictors of body size)
			2013	Sousa et al. (TI, TMM; Marajó Island, Brazil; ecological knowledge of fishermen)
			2013	Alves et al. (northeastern Brazil; aerial survey)
			2014	González-Socoloske et al. (Honduras; aerial surveys; entanglement in fishnets; poaching)
			2014	Ciotti et al. (Brazil; C & N isotopes)
			2014	Montserrat Landero et al. (Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico)
			2014	Jimenez-D. & Olivera-G. (TMM; Usumacinta River, Mexico/Guatemala; habitat characteristics)
		*	2014	Lazzarini et al. (medical care)
			2015	Rivera-C. et al. (Panama; hearing & vocalizations)
			2015	Niño-Torres et al. (Mexican Caribbean region)
			2016	Romero-Calderon et al. (Mexico; metals in bone tissue)
			2016	Alvarez-Alemán et al. (Isla de la Juventud, Cuba)
			2016	Violante & Suárez (copepod Metis holothuriae)
			2016	Puc-Carrasco et al. (Tabasco, Mexico)
			2016	Alves et al. (Brazil; abundance estimate by aerial survey)
			2016	Ramos et al. (Belize)
			2017	Wyrosdick et al. (Puerto Rico; Toxoplasma gondii)
			2017	Harms-Tuohy & Tuohy (Puerto Rico; aggression toward divers by mating herd)
			2017	Umeed et al. (vocalizations)
			2017	Diaz-Ferguson et al. (Panama; genetics)
			2017	Wyrosdick, Gerhold et al. (Puerto Rico; Toxoplasma gondii)
		*	2017	Allen et al. (Belize; diet)
			2017	Balensiefer et al. (Brazil; strandings)
			2018	Gomez et al. (Mexico; genetics)
			2018	Ramos et al. (Belize; response to drones)
			2018	Mignucci, Iglesias et al. (Puerto Rico; helicopter surveys)
			2018	Hunter et al. (environmental DNA)
			2018	Wyrosdick et al. (internal parasites)
		*	2018a	Alvarez-Alemán et al. (Cuba; conservation)
			2019	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (Caribbean region; monitoring methods)
			2019	McLarty et al. (Cuba; habitat characterization using side-scan sonar)
			2019	Gonzalez-Socoloske & Olivera-Gómez (Tabasco, Mexico; food choice)
			2019	Suzuki et al. (in capt., Okinawa; fecal microbiota; comp. w/ TML.)
			2019	Collazo et al. (Puerto Rico; aerial surveys & population estimates)
			2019	Debrot et al. (Dutch Leeward Islands, Venezuela)
			2019	Guevara et al. (Mexico)
			2019	Machuca-C. & Corona-F. (Guatemala; conservation)
			2019	Mendonça et al. (immunoglobulins)
			2019	Vélez et al. (Colombia; parasites)
			2019	Guevara Porras et al. (Campeche, Mexico; conservation)
			2019	Garcés-Cuartas et al. (in capt.; vibrissae growth rate)
			2019	Domínguez-Tejo (Hispaniola; history & conservation status)
			2020	Landeo-Yauri et al. (Belize; photo-identification by drones)
			2020	Ramos et al. (Belize; ultrasonic vocalizations)
			2020	Hénaut et al. (in capt., Mexico; feeding behavior; learning capacities & welfare)
			2020	Corona-Figueroa et al. (Hondo River, Belize & Mexico; habitat use)
			2020	Robles-Herrejón et al. (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; management effectiveness)
			2020	Conceição et al. (Panaquatira, Maranhão, Brazil; stranding)
			2020	Attademo, Nascimento et al. (Pernambuco, Brazil)
			2020	Caicedo-Herrera et al. (Colombia; opportunistic fish consumption)
			2020	Ortega-Argueta & Castelblanco-Martínez (Mexico; captive breeding & conservation)
			2020a	Luna & Attademo (in capt., Brazil; children's book)
			2020b	Oliveira Luna, Fábia de; Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Fernanda (Brazil; children's book)
			2021	Alvarez-Aleman, A. (Cuba; causes of mortality)
			2021	Attademo, Luna et al. (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; conservation)
		*	2021	Luna et al. (Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela; genetics, population biology)
			2021	Lucchini et al. (in capt.; role of touch)
		*	2021b	Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (marine & riverine ecotypes)
		*	2022	Debrot et al. (Colombia)
			2022	Meirelles et al. (Brazil; conservation status)
			2022	Cabrias-C. et al. (Puerto Rico; perinatal bilateral exophthalmia & secondary corneal ulcers)
			2022	Mignucci-G. et al. (Puerto Rico; new papillovirus; genital papillomatosis)
		*	2022	Guzman & Real (Panama; entry into Pacific Ocean)
			2022	Noronha, Almeida et al. (karyotype; hybridization w/TI in Amazon estuary)

Trichechus manatus senegalensis (Link, 1795) Vieira, 1949 ( 1 )
x		*	1949	Vieira, C.O.C. (new rank; m268.)

Trichechus manatus siren Kerr, 1792 ( 3 )
	*	1792	Kerr, R. (new subspecies)
		1806	Turton, W.
		1894b	Rhoads, S.N. ("Trichechus siren")

Trichechus pilosus, Shaw, 1800 ( 2 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G.
x		1809a	Cuvier, G. ("trichecus"; name considered inappropriate; 294-295.)

Trichechus pygmaeus Van Roosmalen and Van der Vlist in Van Roosmalen, 2015 ( 1 )
		*	2015	Van Roosmalen, M.G.M. (n.sp.; Rio Aripuanã Basin, Amazonas, Brazil)

Trichechus senegalensis Link, 1795 ( 141 )
	v		1682	SEE Merolla da Sorrento, J., 1814.
x	v		1719	N. (brief gen. acc.; 70.)
	v	*	1757	Adanson, M. (Senegal)
		*	1794-95	Link, H.F. (n.sp.)
x	v		1809a	Cuvier, G. (comp. w/ other species; 294-296, pl. 19.)
x	v		1836b	Robert, C. (skeleton; 363.)
	v		1845	Adanson, M. (Senegal)
x	v		1881	Flower, W.H. (locomotion on land; hunting; 455-456.)
x			1906b	Dexler & Freund (excreta, 57-58; locomotion, 68.)
x	v		1913	Frobenius, L. (Yoruba; hunting & myths; 1: 199.)
x			1917	Fairchild, D. (m339.)
x			1918	Ménégaux, A. (potential commercial use; 701-704.)
x	v		1923	Anon. (Niger R.; capture; 75.)
x			1924-25	Vosseler, J. (in capt.; historical records; 60-62.)
x			1926	Derscheid, J.M. (in capt., Antwerp, 23-25; distr., hunting, conservation, 28-31; 2 subspecies recognized, 28-29.)
x			1929	Stunkard, H.W. (Belgian Congo; trematode Chiorchis fabaceus; 255.)
x	v		1931	Meek, C.K. (Nigeria; myths, taboos, charms; 76-78, 304.)
			1933a	Dollman, G. (Nigeria; distr., hunting)
x		*	1934	Hatt, R.T. (distr., 533-534, 554-560, 566; synonymy, 535-538; skeleton, 539-554, 560-561; pl. 27.)
			1936	Maclatchy, A.
x	v		1937	Woods, F.J. (Nigeria; hunting, measurements, rituals; 23-28.)
x		*	1941b	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 2-8, 10.)
x			1942	Heuvelmans, B. (comp. w/ Prorastoma veronense; 4-5.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 8-10.)
			1945	Budker, P.
x		*	1948	Bessac & Villiers (gen. acc.; 188-189.)
x	v		1949a	Anon. (Belgian Congo; m36.)
x	v		1949	Colmant, F. (Belgian Congo; 11.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m204, 207.)
			1952	Bouveignes, O. de
x		*	1952	Dekeyser, P.L. (body temperature in air; 243-246.)
x	v		1953	Gijzen, A. (in capt., Antwerp; 89.)
x	v		1954	Anon. (in capt., Antwerp; 78.)
x			1955	Dekeyser, P.L. (teeth; 921-925.)
			1956	Dekeyser, P.L.
x			1957	Cadenat, J. (Senegal; capture in shark nets; 1368-1369.)
x			1958	Gijzen, A. (in capt., Antwerp; 26.)
x			1960	Blancou, L. (conservation; 244.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L.
			1963	Gijzen, A.
x	v		1964	Cansdale, G. (Volta R. system, Ghana; status; 170-171.)
x			1965	Bard, J. ("Trichecus"; photo, 4; weed control, 5, 8.)
x			1965	Kuhn, H.-J. (Liberia; 333.)
x			1965	Robineau, D. (ear ossicles; 420.)
x			1965	Stubbings, H.G. (Senegal; 4 spp. of barnacles; 876, 891, 893-902.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium calvertense; 81.)
x		*	1966	Kinzer, J. (in capt., Abidjan, Ivory Coast; behavior, etc.; 47-52.)
x			1967	Browder, J. (m5.)
		*	1968	Howell, J.H.
x		*	1968	Lemire, M. (stomach & digestion; 475-520, pls. 25-28.)
x			1968	Rice & Scheffer (distr.; 6.)
x			1968	Van den Bergh, H. (in capt., Antwerp; longest dive 7 min.; 449.)
x			1969	Allsopp, W.H.L. (Sierra Leone; in capt., Abidjan, Ivory Coast; 351.)
			1969	Arbocco, G.
x			1969	Curry-Lindahl, K. (protected under African Conservation Convention; 122.)
x		*	1969	Robineau, D. (temporal & ear region; 3, 14-15, 17-19.)
x			1970	Lowes, R.H.G. (Sierra Leone; 310.)
x			1971	Jones, M.L. (in capt.; 85.)
			1971	Robinson, P.T.
			1972	Dupuy, A.R. (Senegal; in national park during flood season; 780.)
x			1973a	Anon. (weed control; 5.)
x			1973	Bertram & Bertram (distr. & status; 317.)
			1973	Dupuy, A.R.
x			1973	Poche, R. (?extinct in Niger; 218.)
x			1974	Bertram, G.C.L. (conservation; 7, 14, 19.)
x			1974	Itoh & Tsuyuki (fatty acid components of fats; 307-311.)
x		*	1974	Sikes, S. (Nigeria; hunting, conservation; 465-470.)
x			1976	Campbell, H.W. (gen. acc.; 1, 3.)
x			1976	Cole & Okera (Sierra Leone; 42-43.)
			1976	Dupuy & Maigret
x			1977a	Domning, D.P. (skin thickness & myology, comp. w/ DD; 3, 20-24, 32.)
x			1977	Marsh et al. (stomach histology, comp. w/ DD; 290.)
x			1977	Van Bree & Duguy (specimens in Bordeaux Museum; 292.)
x			1978a	Domning, D.P. (myology, comp. w/ TI; 5, 8-14, 38-46, 52-54, 68-71.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (origin in New World; 578.)
			1978	Dupuy & Maigret
			1978a	Finnley, D.
x			1979a	Farmer et al. (rectal temperature, comp. w/ TI; 235.)
			1979a	Finnley, D.
x			1981	Best, R.C. (diet & nutrition; 3-7, 10, 15, 21.)
			1981	Teleki & Baldwin (Sierra Leone)
x			1981	Yamasaki et al. (tongue, comp. w/ DD; 182-187.)
x		*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (evolution; 600, 602, 604-613, 615-616.)
x			1982	Domning, Rice et al. (distr. & status; 306.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (tail shape; 408.)
x		*	1982	Nishiwaki et al. (distr.; 137-147.)
x	v		1982	Trotignon, J. (Senegal; pop. acc.; 61-64.)
x			1983a	Domning, D.P. (dental evolution; pop. acc.; 8, 10-11.)
x			1983	Gallivan et al. (body temperatures, comp. w/ TI; 255, 259.)
x			1983	Sprent, J.F.A. (nematode Heterocheilus domningi; 69, 73.)
			1984a	Nishiwaki, M.
x			1984	Rainey et al. (molecular systematics; 586-587.)
x		*	1986	Domning & Hayek (morphological variation, 87-144; diet & functional anatomy, 130-131.)
x			1986	McLaren et al. (Cameroun; specimen in Carnegie Museum; 296.)
			1986	Roth & Waitkuwait
			1987a	Anon. (Ivory Coast)
x			1988	Boekschoten & Best (origin by transatlantic dispersal; 110-111.)
			1988	Fitzgerald, C. (Ivory Coast)
x		*	1988	Reeves et al. (Sierra Leone; distr. & hunting; 75-84.)
x			1992	Depierre & Vivien (Cameroon; 116-117.)
x			1992	Marmontel et al. (reproductive biology; 295-296, 302.)
			1994	Akoi, K. (Reserve de la Conkouati, Congo)
x			1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (status & conservation; 160.)
x			1995	Schuhmann, H.-J. (Guinea-Bissau; 402-409.)
		*	1996	Powell, J. A. (Distribution & biology; West Africa)
x			1996	Grigione, M.M. (Cameroon; 189-195.)
x			1996	Reynolds & Rommel (gastrointestinal tract, comp. w/ TML; 553, 555-556.)
x			1997	Barnett & Prangley (Guinea; 129-130.)
x			1998	Grubb et al. (Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia; 138-139.)
			1999b	Dodman, T. (status)
			1999a	Dodman, T. (conservation)
			1999	Reiner & Simões (Guinea-Bissau; 119-120, 317, 416.)
x			2000	Happold, D.C.D. (Nigeria; m195, m201.)
			2001?	Di Natale, A. (Mali; gen. acc.)
			2002	Jousse & Chenal-Velarde (Mali)
			2003	Marshall et al. (orofacial morphology & feeding)
			2007	Dodman et al. (conservation strategy)
			2008	Voisin, M.E. (children's booklet)
			2009	UNEP/CMS (conservation action plan)
		*	2010	Sikes, S.K. (Nigeria)
x			2011	Gomes R. et al. (horizontal tooth replacement; 1-5.)
			2011	Ferreira et al. (forensic genetics)
			2012	Hoson et al. (fusion sequence of cranial sutures)
			2012	Beatty et al. (osteology and tooth development)
			2012	Kouadio, A. (West Africa; distribution, status, & conservation.)
			2012	Keith Diagne, L. (Gabon; orphaned calf)
			2012	Luiselli et al. (Nigeria; habitat overlap with crocodiles)
			2012	UNEP/CMS (West Africa; conservation)
			2013	Ogogo et al. (South Nigeria; ecology & status)
			2013	Dumont et al. (vertebral centra architecture)
			2013	Mayaka et al. (Cameroon; conservation & ethnobiology)
			2014	Esenowo et al. (Nigeria; measurements, behavior, food preferences)
			2016	Cosentino & Fisher (as bushmeat)
			2018	Hunter et al. (environmental DNA)
			2019	Odewumi et al. (Nigeria; water parameters & flora of habitat)
			2019	Mayaka et al. (Cameroon; conflicts with humans)
		*	2020	Perini et al. (comp. w/Trichechus hesperamazonicus)
			2021	Keith-Diagne et al. (Senegal River; movement patterns; satellite tracking)
		*	2021	Rycyk et al. (vocalizations & passive acoustic monitoring)
			2021	Takoukam et al. (Cameroon; habitat suitability)
			2021	Souza et al. (mitogenomes; evolutionary history)

Trichechus senegalensis senegalensis Link, 1795, Derscheid, 1926 ( 3 )
x	*	1926	Derscheid, J.M. (new subspecies; distr.; 29.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr.; 372, 380, 382.)
x	*	1986	Domning & Hayek (taxon considered invalid; 89, 126.)

Trichechus senegalensis vogelii (Owen, 1856) Derscheid, 1926 ( 3 )
x	*	1926	Derscheid, J.M. ("T. s. vogellii", n.comb.; distr.; 28-29.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (distr.; 372, 380, 382.)
x	*	1986	Domning & Hayek (taxon considered invalid; 89, 126.)

Trichechus subpilosus, Shaw, 1800 ( 2 )
	*	1800	Shaw, G.
x		1809a	Cuvier, G. ("trichecus"; name considered inappropriate; 294-295.)

Trichechus, Manatus, africanus Oken, 1816 ( 3 )
	*	1816	Oken, L. (new subspecies)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of T. senegalensis; 536, 538.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of T. senegalensis; 382.)

Trichecida Haeckel, 1866 ( 0 )