P

Pachyacanthus Brandt, 1873 ( 9 )
	*	1873	Brandt, J.F. (n.gen.)
x		1875	Van Beneden, P.J. (specimens in Vienna; vertebrae & ribs thought to represent a sir.; 323-340.)
		1877	Capellini, G.
x		1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m377.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (m224.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m481.)
	*	1937	Pia, J.v.
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (m150; in classification, 154-155.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyostosis; m364.)

Pachyacanthus suessii Brandt, 1873 ( 1 )
		*	1873	Brandt, J.F. (n.sp.)

Pachyacanthus trachyspondylus Brandt, 1873 ( 3 )
	*	1873	Brandt, J.F. (n.sp.)
x		1875	Van Beneden, P.J. (considered to be based on pathological specimens; 326, 339-340.)
x		1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)

Pacific Ocean ( 60 )
(SEE ALSO: East Indies; Palau; circumpacific regions)
x			1825a	Harlan, R. (HG; distr.; 281.)
x		*	1840	Baer, K.E.v. (HG; distr.; 53-80.)
x			1867a	Brandt, J.F. (HG; distr.; 450-451.)
x			1884	Fischer, P. (DD; New Caledonia; barnacle Platylepas bissexlobata; 359.)
x			1923	Sowerby, A. de C. (HG; distr.; 136-137.)
x			1934	Hirasaka, K. (DD; distr.; 4221-4222.)
x			1947	Johnson, I. (DD; southwestern Pacific, locality unstated; 130, 143-144.)
x			1963	Berzin et al. (HG; possible survival; 73-75.)
x	D	*	1963	Mitchell & Repenning (desmostylians & sirs.; chronologic & geographic range; 3-16.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians; distr.; 198.)
x	D		1964	Nolan, T.B. (desmostylians; distr.; A136-A137.)
x	D		1966	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (desmostylians & sirs.; faunal succession; 50, 53, 56-57, 59-60.)
x			1967a	Jones, S. (DD; New Caledonia; in capt.; 216.)
			1967	Nishiwaki, M.
x			1971a	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolutionary history; 110-111.)
x			1971b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolutionary history; 217-220.)
x	D		1972a	Domning, D.P. (sirs., Mioc., 146-149; desmostylians, Olig.-Mioc., 146, 149.)
x			1972b	Domning, D.P. (HG; extermination & origin of North Pacific aboriginal whaling; 187-189.)
			1972	Kent, J. (Solomon Islands)
x			1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status; 309-310.)
x			1973	Scheffer, V.B. (HG; distr. & history; 65-66.)
x			1973	Vorontsov, N.N. (HG; distr. & extermination; 124.)
x	D		1975	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; ecology & evolution, Tertiary-Recent; 824.)
			1975	Randall et al. (DD; Guam)
x	D		1977b	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; ecology & evolution; 352-362.)
x			1977	Van Bree & Duguy (DD; Indochina & New Caledonia; 290-291.)
x	D	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; 1-176.)
x			1979	Nishiwaki et al. (DD; distr.; 133-141.)
x			1981d	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & marine plants; paleoecology; 419.)
x			1982	Montgomery et al. (TMM; potential entry via Panama Canal; 257-258.)
x			1983	Marsh, H. (DD; Vanuatu; 1-5.)
			1985	Fordyce, R.E.
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (dugongids, Tertiary, East Pacific, 209-211; TMM, reported passage through Panama Canal, 209.)
x			1986	Domning & Ray (sirs.; Late Olig.-Early Mioc., North Pacific; 273-274.)
x			1987a	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; evolution; pop. acc.; 64, 66-71.)
x	D		1988	Estes & Steinberg (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 21-22.)
x			1989	Chambers & Bani (DD; Vanuatu; status; 13-14.)
x	D		1989a	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 53-56.)
x	D		1989	Estes & Steinberg (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 57-60.)
			1990	Furusawa, H. (sir. evolution in North Pacific)
			1991	Eldredge, L.G. (DD; Micronesia)
x			1993	Loyer, B. (DD; Vanuatu; 54-55.)
x			1993	Vermeij, G.J. (HG; biogeography and extinction; 392-394.)
			1994	Furusawa, H. (North Pacific sirs.; biogeography)
x			1994	Marsh & Lefebvre (DD; distr. & status; 161, 163.)
			1994	Stinson, D.W. (DD; Mariana Islands)
		*	1995	Domning & Furusawa (North Pacific sirs.; review; 506-512.)
			1995	Jefferson & Leatherwood
			1998	Belcher, A. A. (DD; Vanuatu; butting people)
x			2000	Barnes, L.G. (DD; Vanuatu; photo; 3.)
x			2003	Eldredge, L.G. (DD; Guam; 657.)
			2005	Furusawa, H. (evolution of Hydrodamalinae)
			2008	Garrigue et al. (DD; New Caledonia)
	D		2009	Jacobs et al. (desmostylians; Olig.-Mioc., Alaska)
			2010	Buden & Haglelgam (DD; Micronesia)
			2012	Dobbs et al. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
			2013	Furusawa, H. (Dusisiren, Hydrodamalis; climatic cooling, size increase, loss of teeth)
			2021	Bullen et al. (HG; structuring of North Pacific kelp forests)
			2022	Derville et al. (DD; New Caledonia; habitat use; satellite tracking)
		*	2022	Guzman & Real (TMM; Panama; entry into Pacific Ocean)

Pakistan ( 8 )
x		1984	Raza et al. (indeterminate sir.; Mioc.; 585.)
x		1993	Thewissen, J. G. M. (indet. sir.; Eoc.; 125-127.)
	*	1995	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis, n.sp.; Middle Eoc.)
x		1997	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis; Eoc.; 57, 69, 71, 75.)
		1998	Gingerich et al. (Middle Eoc.)
		1999	Welcomme et al. (Bugti Hills)
		2001	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis, Eoc.; 281, 318.)
x		2003	Zalmout et al. (Protosiren eothene, n.sp.; Middle Eoc.; 79-87.)

Palau ( 21 )
		1788	Keates, A.
		1821	Kotzebue, O.v. (DD)
		1873	Semper, K.G. (DD)
		1895	Kubary, J.S. (DD)
		1929	Kramer, A. (DD)
	*	1938	Asano, N. (DD)
		1941	Yamaguti, S.
x		1955a	Anon. (DD; 79.)
x		1955b	Anon. (DD; 73-74.)
x		1956a	Anon. (DD; 49.)
x		1956	Harry, R.R. (DD; 21-27.)
x		1956	Simpson, D.A. (DD; in capt., San Francisco; pop. acc.; 54.)
x		1957	Bayer & Harry-Rofen (DD; 502, pl. 20.)
		1972a	Johnson, S.P. (DD)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; status; 309.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (DD; parasitic flukes; 6, 15.)
x	*	1981	Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; status; 19-42.)
x		1981	Johannes, R.E. (DD; hunting & sale; 25, 68, 73.)
x		1988	Rathbun et al. (DD; status; 265-270.)
		1991	Eldredge, L.G. (DD)
x	*	1995	Marsh et al. (DD; status; 85-89.)

Paleocene ( 1 )
x		*	2018	Buffrénil, V. de (sir. rib fragment, Early Paleocene, Vigny, France)

Paleoecology and Taphonomy ( 128 )
			1887	Studer, T. (Mioc., Switzerland)
			1887	Roux, W. (Rhytina gigas; borings in bone)
x			1895	Depéret, C. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; associated fauna; 415.)
x	D		1906	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus; 152.)
x	D		1935	LaMotte, R.S. (Desmostylus sookensis; Late Olig., British Columbia; 51-56.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (Rytiodus; 154.)
x			1949	Thenius, E. (Thalattosiren; Mioc., Czechoslovakia; ?wind erosion of bones; 162.)
x			1951	Kretzoi, M. (Haplosiren, etc.; Hungary; m439, m441.)
x			1955	Bernhauser, A. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi ; Early Mioc., Austria; borings in ribs made by algae cf. Gomontia polyrhiza; 168, 172, 185.)
x			1957	Kellogg & Whitmore (Miosiren, Metaxytherium, Hesperosiren; Mioc., Belgium, Maryland, Florida; 1021-1022.)
x	D		1958	Floyd et al. (supposed Desmostylus; Texas; 160-161.)
x	D		1961	Drewes et al. (Cornwallius; Late Olig., Unalaska Is., Alaska; 606-607, 667.)
x		*	1962	Schäfer, W. (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., Mainz Basin, Germany; taphonomy experiments; 53-56.)
x			1962	Wilhelm, W. (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., Mainz Basin, Germany; 52-53.)
x	D		1964	Mitchell & Lipps (desmostylians; Mioc., California; 214-215.)
x			1965	Savage & White (sirs.; Middle Eoc., Libya; headless carcasses; 91.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (Metaxytherium calvertense; Middle Mioc., Maryland; 66-67.)
	D		1966a	Shikama, T. (Paleoparadoxia, Desmostylus)
	D		1966c	Shikama, T. (Paleoparadoxia, Desmostylus)
x			1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (Sirenotherium; Early Mioc., Brazil; 354-356.)
			1968	Selley, R.C. (sir. [Rytiodus heali]; Mioc., Jebel Zelten, Libya)
x			1969a	Deraniyagala, P.E.P. (Miodugong; Mioc., Sri Lanka; 99-102.)
x	D		1970	Minch et al. (Desmostylus; Baja California; 3151-3153.)
x			1971b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; North Pacific; 217-219.)
x			1971	Ginsburg & Janvier (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., France; taphonomy; 189.)
x	D		1972a	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; Mioc., North Pacific; 146-148.)
			1973	Savage & Hamilton (Mioc., Libya)
x	D		1975	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; 824.)
			1975	Ginsburg & Janvier (Metaxytherium medium; Mioc., Touraine & Anjou, France)
x			1976	Lipkin, Y. (angiosperms vs. algae in early sir. diet; 92-93.)
x	D	*	1977b	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; ecological model; 352-362.)
x			1977	Whitmore & Gard (HG; Pleist., Amchitka Is., Alaska; 5-8, 18.)
x	D	*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (North Pacific sirs. & desmostylians; 2, 107-132, 139-146.)
			1978	Simenstad et al. (HG; Aleutian Islands; former ecological role; m409.)
x			1981d	Domning, D.P. (fossil sirs.; associations with marine plants; 417-420.)
x			1981	Webb et al. (Metaxytherium; Late Mioc., Love site, Florida; 517, 535.)
x			1982b	Domning, D.P. (trichechids; South America; evolution & environmental changes; 607, 610-616.)
x			1982c	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium serresii; Mioc.-Plioc., Mediterranean; seagrasses & salinity crisis; shark predation; 29-31.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (Eoc. sirs. & seagrasses; 61-63.)
x			1983	Bizzotto, B. (Prototherium intermedium; Late Eoc., Italy; 99.)
x			1983	Morgan & Pratt (Metaxytherium; Early Mioc., Florida; 20-23.)
	D		1984	Akamatsu, M.
	D		1984	Goto & Kuga
	D	*	1984	Inuzuka et al. (eds.)
	D		1984	Itoigawa, J.
	D		1984	Taguchi, E. (Paleoparadoxia)
	D		1984	Takayasu & Nakamura
	D		1984	Yamanoi, T.
	D		1984	Yoshida, K. (Paleoparadoxia)
x			1986	Domning & Ray (halitheriine; Early Mioc., Oregon; climate; 273-274.)
x	D		1986	Domning et al. (desmostylians; lifestyle; 47-48.)
x			1986	Rothausen, K. (Olig., Germany; 547-548, 551.)
	D		1986a	Suzuki et al. (Paleoparadoxia; Japan)
x			1987	Domning & Thomas (Metaxytherium serresii; Plioc., Libya; taphonomy, 209; paleoecology of post-Messinian Mediterranean, 229-230.)
x			1987a	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamalines; pop. acc.; 64, 66-71.)
	D		1987	Ogasawara & Morita (Paleoparadoxia; Japan)
x	D		1988	Estes & Steinberg (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 21-22.)
			1988	Gray, J.
	D		1988e	Inuzuka, N. (taphonomy)
x	D		1989a	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 53-56.)
x			1989b	Domning, D.P. (sirs.; Mioc., Suwannee R., Florida; 55-56, 59.)
x			1989c	Domning, D.P. (rytiodontines; use of tusks; 426.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (rytiodontines; use of tusks; 435-436.)
x	D		1989	Estes & Steinberg (sirs. & desmostylians; North Pacific; evolution of kelp; 57-60.)
x			1989	Morgan, G.S. (sirs.; Early Mioc., Suwannee R., Florida; 33-34.)
x	D		1990	Aranda-Manteca, F.J. (Metaxytherium, Desmostylus; Mioc., Baja California; 100, 103-104, 108, 111, pl. 3.)
x			1990a	Domning, D.P. (rhizivory experiments; 34-36.)
x			1990	Donovan et al. (Prorastomus sirenoides; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; 661-662.)
x		*	1990	Ivany et al. (Protosiren; Middle Eoc., Florida; seagrass community; 244-258.)
x	D		1990	Ogasawara & Morita (Paleoparadoxia; Japan; 29-30.)
x	D		1990	Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia; Mioc., California; 199-203.)
x			1991a	Pervesler & Roetzel (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Mioc., Austria; 97-98.)
x			1991b	Pervesler & Roetzel (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; 156-157.)
x		*	1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Eoc. & Olig., Egypt; 35, 63, 67, 76-77, 79.)
x			1994a	Domning, D.P. (Caribbean sirs. & seagrasses; pop. acc.; 72-73.)
x	D		1994	Shimada & Inuzuka (Paleoparadoxia, Desmostylus; Mioc., Japan; taphonomy & shark faunas; 572-574.)
x			1995a	Anderson, P.K. (HG; kelp-sea urchin-sea otter relationship; 391-394.)
x			1995	Papastavrou, V. (HG; kelp-sea urchin-sea otter relationship; pop. acc.; 26.)
		*	1995	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Mioc., Austria; taphonomy)
			1996	Lecuyer et al. (Metaxytherium medium; Middle Mioc., France; paleotemperatures & paleosalinity)
x			1996	Miller & Donovan (Early Eoc., Jamaica; 46.)
			1996	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Mioc., Austria; taphonomy)
x			1996	Pervesler, P. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; construction of museum display; 75-80.)
x			1997a	Domning, D.P. (Potamosiren magdalenensis; Mioc., Colombia; 390-391.)
x			1998	Estevens, M. (Portugal; Mioc.; A162.)
x		*	1998	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Mioc., Austria; 87-103.)
x			2000	Estevens, M. (Portugal; Mioc.; 329-330.)
	D		2000	Igarashi et al.
	D		2000	Ogasawara, K.
x			2000	Pervesler et al. (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria; 213-215.)
x			2000	Rommel & Reynolds (TML; usually float belly-up when dead; 50.)
	D		2000	Yahata & Kimura
	D		2000	Yahata, M.
			2001	Pfretzschner, H.U.
x			2001	Böhme, M. (Halitherium; Early Olig., Germany; ribs, sedimentological context in storm deposit; 76-79.)
			2001	Domning & Pervesler (Metaxytherium krahuletzi; Early Mioc., Austria)
			2002	Jousse et al. (DD; Akab Island, United Arab Emirates; archaeological site)
			2003	Clementz et al. (DD, Dusisiren jordani; calcium isotope values)
			2004	MacFadden et al. (diets, stable isotopes, & niche differentiation)
			2005	Furusawa, H. (Hydrodamalinae; North Pacific Ocean)
			2005	Astibia et al. (indeterminate sirs.; Middle Eocene, Navarre, Spain)
			2005	Cahuzac & Audouin (Halitherium schinzii; Olig., France)
			2006	Clementz et al. (Eoc. sirs.; stable isotopes)
		*	2007	Carone & Domning (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Calabria, Italy; paleoecology)
			2007	Floquet et al. (Halitherium taulannense; Late Eoc.; Taulanne, France; taphonomy)
			2008	Diedrich, C.G. (Anomotherium, Halitherium; Olig., Germany)
		*	2008	Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium spp.; Mioc.-Plioc.; peri-Messinian dwarfing)
			2009	Clementz et al. (Tethys-Mediterranean sirs.; Eoc.-Plioc.; diets, salinity; stable isotopes)
x			2009	Peters et al. (dugongids; Late Eoc., Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt; taphonomy & preservation; 294, 296-7, 299-301.)
	D	*	2010	Newsome et al. (sirs. & desmostylians; use of stable isotope biogeochemistry to study ecology; review)
			2010	Diedrich, C.G. (sir. diets comp. w/ placodontids)
x			2010	Micklich & Hildebrandt (Halitherium schinzii; Early Olig., Germany; paleoenvironment & associated fauna; 3-21.)
			2011	Guido et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Late Mioc., Cessaniti, Italy; micromorphology, geochemistry, & diagenesis of ribs)
		*	2011	Clementz & Sewall (Eocene sirs.; stable isotopes; global climate)
		*	2012	Vélez-Juarbe et al. (multispecies fossil sir. communities)
			2012	Sorbi et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Plioc., Italy & Spain)
			2013	Furusawa, H. (Dusisiren, Hydrodamalis; climatic cooling, size increase, loss of teeth)
	D		2013	Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; osteology, paleoecological restoration)
			2014	Pyenson et al. (macroevolution of marine tetrapods)
			2014	Vélez-Juarbe, J. (use of sirs. as proxy for seagrass distribution)
		*	2014	Crerar et al. (HG; St. Lawrence Is., Alaska; stable isotopes; extinction)
		*	2014	Boessenecker et al. (Purisima Fm.; Santa Cruz County, California; Late Mioc.)
		*	2015	Reich et al. (Sirs. as indirect paleo-seagrass indicators)
	D		2015	Matsui & Kawabe (Paleoparadoxia sp.; early Mioc., Chikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan)
	D	*	2017	Matsui et al. (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia; habitat preferences)
		*	2018	Domning, D.P. (?microbial bioerosion of sir. bones; Mioc. Chesapeake Group, USA; 252, 256, 258, 261, 263.)
x		*	2018	Dominici et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum, Plioc., Italy, 7-8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24.)
		*	2021	Bullen et al. (HG; structuring of North Pacific kelp forests)

Paleoparadoxia media Inuzuka, 2005 ( 4 )
	D	*	2005	Inuzuka, N. (n.sp.)
	D		2009	Fujiwara et al. (scapular position & strength of rib cage)
	D		2013	Barnes, L.G.
	D		2013	Inuzuka, N. (osteology, paleoecological restoration)

Paleoparadoxia Reinhart, 1959 ( 59 )
x	D	v	1951	DEREC ("Desmostylus"; Izumi, Japan; discovery & collection; 414.)
x	D	v	1952	DEREC ("Desmostylus"; Izumi, Japan; locality recollected; 144.)
	D	*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (n.gen.)
x	D	*	1963	Mitchell & Repenning (chronologic & geographic range; 3-4, 11-16.)
x	D	*	1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (Mioc., San Clemente Is., California; 192-199.)
x	D	v	1964	Mitchell & Lipps (Mioc., San Clemente Is., California; 214-215.)
x	D		1964	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (pachyostosis; 214.)
x	D		1964	Nolan, T.B. (distr.; A137.)
x	D		1965a	Anon. (Stanford specimen, California; pop. acc.; 49, 53.)
	D		1965b	Anon.
x	D		1965	Mitchell & Lipps (Mioc., San Clemente Is., California; 4-6.)
x	D		1965	Repenning, C.A. (Stanford skeleton; drawing; 1, 3.)
x	D		1966	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (artist's reconstruction; 57.)
	D		1966c	Shikama, T.
	D		1967	Kamei, T.
x	D		1968	Romer, A.S. (skeleton; m200-201.)
x	D		1970a	Reinhart, R.H. (m243.)
x	D		1970	Zuidema, H.P. (pop. acc.; 20-24.)
x	D		1972	Barnes, L.G. (Mioc., California; 141-142.)
x	D		1972a	Domning, D.P. (distr.; 146, 149.)
	D		1972	Hasegawa, U.
x	D		1975	Reinhart, R.H. (validity of genus reasserted; 826.)
x	D		1977	Hasegawa, Y. (artists' reconstructions; pop. acc.; 90-91.)
x	D		1978b	Domning, D.P. (?competition w/ sirs., 113-115; Mioc., California, 150-151.)
	D		1978	Fujimoto & Sakamoto (Japan)
	D		1978	Kamei, T.
x	D		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-379.)
	D		1984	Kamei, T.
x	D		1984	Raschke, R.E. (Middle Mioc., California; m64.)
	D		1986	Hasegawa, Y. (Yanagawa, Japan)
	D		1986	Inuzuka & Karasawa
	D	*	1986a	Suzuki et al. (Japan)
	D	*	1986b	Suzuki et al. (Japan)
x	D		1986	Takahashi et al. (Mioc., Japan; "Dugong" of Inuzuka et al. [1980] possibly a tooth of Paleoparadoxia; 317.)
	D		1987	Ogasawara & Morita (Japan; paleoecology)
	D		1987	Suzuki & Wako
	D		1988b	Kamiya, H. (tooth cementum)
	D		1989d	Inuzuka, N. (Tsuyama, Japan)
x	D		1990	Ogasawara & Morita (Japan; paleoecology; 29-30.)
	D		1992	Kamiya, T.
	D		1993	Hasegawa et al. (Yanagawa, Japan)
x	D		1996	Kozawa et al. (enamel structure; 354, 357.)
x	D		1997c	Domning, D.P. (biostratigraphic utility; m179.)
	D		1998	Kimura et al. (Akan-cho, Hokkaido, Japan)
	D	*	1998	Panofsky, A.I. (mounting of Stanford skeleton)
	D	*	2000	Taketani, Y.
	D		2000	Takaizumi & Sato (Mioc., Japan)
	D		2002	Saegusa, H. (San-yama)
	D		2006	Inuzuka et al. ("P. tabatai"; Mioc., Akita Prefecture, Japan)
	D		2006	Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan; forelimb)
	D		2008	Hasegawa & Kimura (Paleoparadoxia sp., Kurosawa & Nakajima specimens; Middle Mioc., Gunma, Japan)
	D		2013	Hayashi et al. (bone histology & aquatic adaptation)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G.
	D		2014	Hasegawa et al. (Paleoparadoxia sp.; Early Mioc., Hokkaido, Japan)
	D		2014	Cooper et al.
	D		2015	Matsui & Kawabe (early Mioc., Chikubetsu, Hokkaido, Japan)
	D		2015	Houssaye et al. (osteosclerosis)
	D	*	2017	Matsui et al. (habitat preferences)
	D		2018	Matsui et al. (femur; Mioc., Fukushima, Japan)

Paleoparadoxia repenningi Domning & Barnes, 2007 ( 4 )
	D		2007	Domning & Barnes (n.sp.)
	D		2009	Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture)
	D		2012	Fujiwara & Hutchinson (Desmostylus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi; elbow adductor moment arm & forelimb posture)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G. (referred to Neoparadoxia)

Paleoparadoxia tabatai (Tokunaga, 1939) Reinhart, 1959 ( 48 )
	D	*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (n.comb.)
	D	*	1961	Ijiri & Kamei (skull)
x	D	*	1963	Mitchell & Repenning (chronologic & geographic range; 11-12.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (teeth; 194, 198.)
	D		1966a	Shikama, T.
	D	*	1966c	Shikama, T.
x	D	*	1968	Shikama, T. (skeleton; 21-26, pls. 3-6.)
x	D	*	1972	Ikebe et al. (Japan; stratigraphic range; 47, 65-66.)
	D		1973	Kobayashi & Kamei
x	D		1973	Shikama et al. (Japan; stratigraphic range; 138, 140-141.)
	D		1974	Kamei & Okazaki
	D		1977	Inuzuka, N.
x	D		1977	Kamei & Okazaki (stratigraphic range Middle-Late Mioc.; 354.)
	D		1977	Sato & Ijiri
x	D		1978	Susuki & Stadum (Mioc., San Clemente Is., California; 5, 21.)
	D		1978	Tsunoda et al. (Mioc., Japan)
	D		1980	Inuzuka & Murai
	D		1980	Okubo et al.
x	D		1981	Clark, J.C. (Late Mioc., Santa Cruz, California; 27.)
	D		1981	Hirota, K.
x	D		1982	Reinhart, R.H. (review; comp. w/ other desmostylians; 552-554.)
	D		1983	Sakamoto, O.
	D		1985	Kamiya et al. (brain)
	D		1985	Ono & Uyeno
x	D		1986	Domning et al. (classification & affinities, 5, 36-38, 45; comp. w/ Behemotops, 15-17, 20-24, 29-30; paleoecology, 47-48.)
	D		1988a	Kamiya, H. (enamel histology)
	D	*	1989	Kamei et al. (Tsuyama, Japan)
x	D		1990	Repenning & Packard ("P. tabati"; California [Stanford specimen]; taphonomy, pathology, locomotion; 199-203.)
x	D		1991	Clark, J.M. (comp. w/ P. weltoni; 490-505.)
	D		1992	Kaneko & Goto (Japan)
	D		1992	Kaneko & Inuzuka (Japan)
x	D		1992	Thewissen & Domning (m495.)
	D		1994	Hasegawa & Taketani (Yanagawa, Japan)
x	D		1994	Shimada & Inuzuka (Mioc., Japan; 553-577.)
	D		1995	Hasegawa et al. (sexual dimorphism)
	D		1996	Inuzuka, N. (body size & mass estimates)
	D		2000	Taru, H. (mastication)
x	D		2001d	Domning, D.P. (tibia; 25.)
	D		2002	Yoshida & Kimura (Mioc., Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Watanabe & Kimura (Mioc., Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Kimura, M. (Mioc., Akan, Hokkaido)
	D		2002	Sato & Kimura (Mioc., Akan, Hokkaido)
	D	*	2002b	Domning, D.P. (terrestrial posture)
	D	*	2007	Hasegawa, Yoshikazu; Kohno, Naoki (neotype designation)
x	D	*	2009	ICZN (proposed designation of a neotype not accepted; 295-296.)
	D		2009	Fujiwara, S. (Ashoroa, Desmostylus hesperus, Paleoparadoxia repenningi, P. tabatai; olecranon orientation, elbow joint angle, & forelimb posture)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G.
	D		2013	Inuzuka, N. (sensu = P. repenningi; osteology, paleoecological restoration)

Paleoparadoxia weltoni Clark, 1991 ( 5 )
x	D	v	1976	Phillips et al. ("Paleoparadoxia"; Late Olig. [actually Early Mioc.?], Point Arena, California; 152.)
x	D	*	1991	Clark, J.M. (n.sp.; ?Early Mioc., California; 490-508.)
x	D		1994	Shimada & Inuzuka (comp. w/ Japanese Paleoparadoxia; 556, 567-568, 571.)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G. (referred to Archaeoparadoxia)
	D		2014	Hasegawa et al. (comp. w/ Paleoparadoxia sp. from Early Mioc., Hokkaido, Japan)

Paleoparadoxiidae Reinhart, 1959 ( 6 )
	D		1953	Reinhart, R.H. ("Family Paleoparadoxia"; nomen nudum)
	D	*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (n.fam.)
x	D		1963	Mitchell, E.D., Jr. (history of name; 193.)
x	D		1986	Domning et al. (history of name; 5.)
	D		2008	Domning & Pyenson ("snagging" teeth & premolar homologies)
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G.

Paleoparadoxiinae (Reinhart, 1959) Barnes, 2013 ( 1 )
	D	*	2013	Barnes, L.G. (new subfamily)

Pan-Sirenia O'Leary et al., 2013? ( 2 )
	*	2013	O'Leary et al. (new taxon; in supplemental material, p. 101, tab. S4.)
		2019	Vélez-Juarbe & Wood

Panama ( 20 )
(SEE ALSO: Central America)
x	*	1920	Goldman, E.A. (TMM; 68-71.)
		1937	Lothrop, S.K.
		1964	Ladd, J.
x		1964	Lapham,L.H. (TMM from Guyana; weed control; m39.)
x	*	1967	MacLaren, J.P. (TMM, TI; weed & insect control; 387-393.)
		1968	Klinge, P.
		1970	Mendez, E.
		1980	Wing, E.S. (TMM)
x		1981	Schad et al. (TMM; Panama Canal & Gatun Lake; 1-4.)
x	*	1982	Montgomery et al. (TMM; Panama Canal; possible entry of Pacific; 257-258.)
x		1985	Muizon & Domning (TMM; entry of Pacific reported; 209.)
x		1989	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 583-584, 607.)
	*	1990	Mou Sue et al. (TMM; distr. & status)
		2009	Muschett et al. (TM; fecal sampling for DNA analysis)
		2010	Uhen et al. (Dugongidae indet.; Early Mioc., Panama Canal)
		2011	Cramer, K. L. (Caribbean coral reef communities)
		2015	Rivera-C. et al. (TMM; hearing & vocalizations)
		2017	Diaz-Ferguson et al. (TMM; genetics)
	*	2019	Vélez-Juarbe & Wood (Culebratherium alemani, n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc.)
	*	2022	Guzman & Real (TMM; entry into Pacific Ocean)

Papua New Guinea ( 58 )
(SEE ALSO: Ri)
		1875	Moresby, J. (DD; Torres Strait; captures in 1873)
		1899	Guise, R.E.
		1900	Etheridge, R., Jr. (H. dugong, ?Pleist., Woodlark Is.)
x	*	1901	Anon. (DD; Torres Strait; hunting; 21238-21239.)
		1901a	Finsch, O. (DD; hunting)
x	*	1905	De Vis, C.W. (Halicore brevirostris, n.sp.; ?subfossil, Woodlark Is.; 27-30.)
x		1923a	Petit, G. (DD; New Guinea, 82; Torres Strait, 83.)
		1927	Landtman, G. (DD; hunting rituals)
x		1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD; distr. & status; 309.)
		1977a	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; conservation)
		1977b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
x		1977	Ligon & Hudson (DD; aerial survey; 1-5.)
		1978	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; pop. acc.)
		1979	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
		1979	Parker, F. (DD)
x		1980	Blair, D. (DD; trematode Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus; 512-513.)
		1980	Carrier & Carrier (DD)
x	*	1980a	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; conservation; 1-102.)
		1980b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
		1980c	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
		1980d	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
		1980e	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
		1980	Johnstone & Hudson (DD)
		1980	Olewale & Sedu (DD; Western Province)
x		1980	Sander, H.E. (DD; Manus Province; feeding habitats; 1-31.)
		1981	Anon. (DD)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (DD; parasitic flukes; 2.)
		1981a	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD)
x		1981b	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; conservation & public education; 123-141.)
x		1981	Johnstone & Hudson (DD; mouth samples of diet; 681-690.)
x		1981	Maynes & Hudson (DD; on postage stamp; 4-6.)
x		1982	Marsh & Heinsohn (DD; conservation; 5.)
x		1982	Molnar, R.E. (Halicore brevirostre [sic], ?Pleist., Woodlark Is., 676, 679; H. dugong, ?Pleist., Woodlark Is., 680.)
x		1982	Wagner, R. (New Ireland; "ri" not a dugong; 33-39.)
x		1983	Mead, J.G. (New Ireland; "ri" not a porpoise, possibly a dugong; 161-162.)
x		1983	Sibert, J.R. (New Ireland; "ri" probably a marine mammal; 159-161.)
x		1983	Tisdell, C.A. (DD; hunting & conservation; 14-15.)
x		1983	Wagner et al. (New Ireland; "ri" not a dugong; 113-125.)
x		1984	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; hunting; pop. acc.; 298-301.)
x		1985	Beckjord, J.-E. (New Ireland; "ri" a dugong; 154-155.)
x		1985	Greenwell, J.R. (New Ireland; "ri" not a dugong; 151-154.)
x		1985	Sibert, J.R. (New Ireland; "ri" possibly a dugong; 144-145.)
x		1985	Wagner, R. (New Ireland; "ri" not a dugong; 149-151, 156.)
		1986c	Hudson, B.E.T. (DD; traditional hunting & conservation)
x		1986a	Marsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; status; 53-76.)
x		1986	Tisdell, C.A. (DD; conservation; 102-103.)
x	*	1986	Williams, T.R. (New Ireland; "ri" definitely a dugong; 61-68.)
		1987	Bertram, G.C.L. (DD)
x	*	1987	Greenwell, J.R. (New Ireland; "ri"; history of study; 140-144.)
x		1988	Sehm, G.G. (New Ireland; "ri" not a dugong; 145-149.)
x		1988	Williams, T.R. (New Ireland; "ri" a dugong; 149-151.)
x		1989	Bay & Demoulin (DD; Hansa Bay; m12.)
x		1992	Blair & Hudson (DD; trematode Lankatrematoides gardneri; 1077.)
		1995	Karre, B.D. (DD; Torres Strait)
x		1997	Marsh, Harris & Lawler (DD; Torres Strait; sustainability of fishery; 1375-1386.)
		2007	Crouch et al. (DD; Torres Strait; dugong bone mounds)
		2012	Dobbs et al. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
	*	2013	Fitzgerald et al. (Sirenia indet.; Mioc.)

Paraliosiren Abel, 1906 ( 5 )
x	*	1906	Abel, O. (n.gen.; Late Eoc., Italy; 59.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m471, 473.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154-155.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (syn. of Prototherium; m135.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (syn. of Prototherium; 378-379.)

Paraliosiren suessi Abel, 1906 ( 2 )
x	*	1906	Abel, O. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Italy; 59.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.)

Paralitherium Kordos, 1977 ( 1 )
x		*	1977	Kordos, L. (n.gen.; Late Eoc., Hungary; 349-367.)

Paralitherium tarkanyense Kordos, 1977 ( 4 )
x	*	1977	Kordos, L. (n.gen.n.sp.; Late Eoc., Hungary; 349-367.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 385, 387-389, 396-397.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 39, 58.)
		1985b	Kordos, L.

Parasites: ( 0 )

Parasites: Amphistoma fabaceum Diesing, 1839 ( 10 )
x		1838	Diesing, C.M. (nomen nudum; m189.)
x	*	1839	Diesing, C.M. (n.gen.n.sp.; Manatus exunguis, intestine; 236.)
		1850-51	Diesing, C.M.
x		1876	Chapman, H.C. ("Amphistomum"; m456.)
		1889	Stedman, J.M.
x		1891	Leidy, J. ("Amphistomum"; Trichechus; intestine & nasal passages; 413-414.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund ("Amphistomum"; m70.)
x		1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. ("?Amphistomum fabaceum"; TM; organs, brain; 227, 232.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Chiorchis fabaceus; 2, 12-13.)
x		1981c	Domning, D.P. (m131.)

Parasites: Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 ( 1 )
x			1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 629, 632-633.)

Parasites: Ascaris dugonis Diesing, 1851 ( 5 )
x	*	1851	Diesing, C.M. (n.sp.; 191, 502.)
x		1859	Baird, W. (synonymy; 149.)
x		1899	Stiles & Hassall (synonymy; 147, 149.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (m70.)
x		1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Paradujardinia halicoris; 319.)

Parasites: Ascaris halichoris Owen, 1833 ( 10 )
	*	1833	Owen, R. (n.sp.)
x	*	1859	Baird, W. (Red Sea; history of study, redescription; 148-149, pl. 56.)
		1861	Diesing, C.M.
		1889	Parona, C.
x	*	1899	Stiles & Hassall ("A. halicoris"; review; 108, 147-151, 169.)
		1903	Linstow, O.v. (Red Sea)
x	*	1905	Linstow, O.v. ("A. halicoris"; DD; anatomy & nomenclature; 258-260, pl. 11.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund ("A. halicoris"; Australia; 70.)
		1906	Linstow, O.v.
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Paradujardinia halicoris; 312, 319.)

Parasites: Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 ( 2 )
x		1838a	Owen, R. (DD; cardiac gland; 30.)
x	*	1859	Baird, W. (DD, HG; 148-149, pl. 56.)

Parasites: Ascaris rytinae Diesing, 1851 ( 6 )
x		*	1851	Diesing, C.M. (n.sp.; HG; 190, 502.)
			1878	Linstow, O.v.
x	v	*	1899	Steller, G.W. (HG, stomach & duodenum; 191.)
x		*	1899	Stiles & Hassall (HG; review; 100, 108, 163-164, 169.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; review; 115.)
x			1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (m319.)

Parasites: Babesia ( 1 )
			2020	Satyaningtijas et al. (DD; Indonesia)

Parasites: Bacteria: Parasites: Bacteria: SEE Bacteriology ( 0 )

Parasites: Balaenophilus manatorum (Ortíz, Lalana and Torres, 1992) ( 2 )
	2010	Aznar et al.
x	2010	Suárez-M. et al. (TMM; Mexico; 847-859.)

Parasites: Balanus Bruguière, 1789 ( 2 )
x	1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; 69.)
x	1906c	Dexler & Freund (DD; 569.)

Parasites: Balanus trigonus Darwin ( 1 )
x			1965	Stubbings, H.G. (Senegal; 891.)

Parasites: Cardicola dhangali Hutson, Vaughan, and Blair, 2019 ( 1 )
		*	2019	Hutson et al. (DD; n.sp.)

Parasites: Chelonibia Leach, 1817 ( 3 )
x	1906b	Dexler & Freund ("Chelonobia"; DD; 69.)
x	1906c	Dexler & Freund ("Chelonobia"; DD; 569.)
	2011	Nifong & Frick (TML; Chelonibia testudinaria)

Parasites: Chelonibia manati Gruvel, 1903 ( 4 )
x	*	1903	Gruvel, A. ("Chelonobia manati", n.sp.; Congo; 116-120, pls. 2, 4.)
x		1916	Pilsbry, H.A. (Congo; review; 265.)
x		1965	Stubbings, H.G. (Senegal; 876, 893-899.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 633.)

Parasites: Chelonibia patula (Ranzani, 1818) ( 1 )
x			1965	Stubbings, H.G. (Senegal; 893.)

Parasites: Chiorchis fabaceus (Diesing, 1838) Fischoeder, 1901 ( 22 )
	*	1901	Fischoeder, F.
		1902	Fischoeder, F.
x		1926	Derscheid, J.M. (Congo; 30.)
x	*	1929	Stunkard, H.W. (history of study, & Belgian Congo; 254-258, 282-283.)
		1932	Price, E.W. (Africa)
		1934	Canavan, W.P.N.
		1934	Travassos, L.P.
x		1936	Baylis, H.A. (Nigeria & elsewhere; 257.)
x		1960	Hutton & Sogandares (Florida; m290.)
		1964	Hutton, R.F.
x		1965	Lluch B., D. (TM, small intestine; Mexico; 418.)
		1969	Travassos et al.
x		1970	Radhakrishnan & Bradley (TML, cecum & colon; Florida; 59.)
		1973	Bravo-Hollis & Caballero D.
x	*	1975	Forrester et al. (TM, distr. in intestine; Florida; 567-568.)
x		1979	Forrester et al. (TM, intestines & cecum; Florida; 5.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (m2, m13.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (zoogeographic significance; 613.)
x	*	1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 628-633, 635.)
x		1996	Reynolds & Rommel (Florida; 542.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)
		2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Parasites: Chiorchis Fischoeder, 1901 ( 1 )
x			1977	Boever et al. (TI, large intestine; in capt.; 5-6.)

Parasites: Chiorchis groschafti Coy Otero, 1989 ( 2 )
	*	1989	Coy Otero, A. (n.sp.; TM; Cuba)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)

Parasites: Cochleotrema cochleotrema Travassos and Vogelsang, 1931 ( 6 )
x	*	1931	Travassos & Vogelsang (n.gen.n.sp.; TM, stomach; in capt.; 143-147.)
x		1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (m167.)
		1969	Travassos et al.
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 11-13, 15-16, 42.)
x	*	1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 628-633, 635.)
x		2003	Falcón et al. (Puerto Rico; 8.)

Parasites: Cochleotrema indicum (Sharma & Gupta, 1971) Blair, 1981 ( 3 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.comb.; revision; 11-12, 15-17, 19, 30, 34, 42, 45, 51-53.)
x		1986	Blair, D. (photo; S21.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Cochleotrema Travassos and Vogelsang, 1931 ( 2 )
x	*	1931	Travassos & Vogelsang (n.gen.; 143-147.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 4-6, 10-12, 19, 21.)

Parasites: Cryptosporidium ( 9 )
		1997	Hill et al. (DD)
	*	2000	Fayer et al. (epidemiology)
		2002	Morgan-Ryan et al.
	*	2007b	Borges et al. (TMM; in capt., Brazil)
	*	2007a	Borges et al. (TI)
		2009	Borges et al. (TMM; Cryptosporidium infection)
		2011	Borges et al. (TI, TMM; Brazil)
		2017	Borges, Lima, et al. (TI; Brazil)
		2018	Borges et al. (TI; diagnosis)

Parasites: Cutidiplogaster manati v. Lieven et al., 2011 ( 2 )
	*	2011	Lieven et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; TM, skin; in capt., Okinawa)
	*	2021	Gonzalez et al. (TML; Florida; nematode C. manati and others)

Parasites: Cyamus rhytinae Brandt, 1846 ( 7 )
		*	1846b	Brandt, J.F. (n.sp.)
			1871a	Brandt, A.
x		*	1873	Lütken, C.F. (syn. of C. ovalis; 270-274, pl. 2.)
x	v	*	1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; Bering Is.; 201.)
x		*	1967	Leung, Y.-M. (syn. of C. ovalis; 279-280, 287.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; review; 115.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m405.)

Parasites: Dujardinascaris halicoris (Owen, 1833) Baylis, 1947 ( 1 )
x			1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Paradujardinia halicoris; 312, 319.)

Parasites: Dujardinia halicoris (Owen, 1833) Baylis, 1920 ( 3 )
x	1941	Johnston & Mawson (Australia; 432.)
	1941	Yamaguti, S. (Palau)
x	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Paradujardinia halicoris; 312, 319.)

Parasites: Eimeria manatus Upton, Odell, Bossart, and Walsh, 1989 ( 3 )
x	*	1989	Upton et al. (n.sp.; Florida; 87-90.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)
		2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Parasites: Eimeria nodulosa Upton, Odell, Bossart, and Walsh, 1989 ( 3 )
x	*	1989	Upton et al. (n.sp.; Florida; 87-90.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)
		2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Parasites: Eimeria trichechi Lainson, Naiff, Best, and Shaw, 1983 ( 3 )
x	*	1983	Lainson et al. (n.sp.; TI; Brazil; 287-289.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 633.)
x		1989	Upton et al. (comp. w/ Eimeria spp. from Florida; 88.)

Parasites: Entamoeba ( 1 )
			2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Parasites: Entozoa dugonis Diesing, 1851 ( 1 )
x		*	1851	Diesing, C.M. (name published as syn. of Ascaris Dugonis; 191.)

Parasites: Faredifex Blair, 1981 ( 1 )
x		*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.; 40-41, 44.)

Parasites: Faredifex clavata Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.n.sp.; 26, 40-41, 43, 45, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Folitrema Blair, 1981 ( 1 )
x		*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.; 31.)

Parasites: Folitrema jecoris Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.n.sp.; 18, 31-32, 34, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Giardia ( 3 )
	2017	Borges, Lima, et al. (TI; Brazil)
	2018	Borges et al. (TI; diagnosis)
	2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Parasites: Haerator Blair, 1981 ( 1 )
x		*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.; 41, 43-44.)

Parasites: Haerator caperatus Blair, 1981 ( 3 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.n.sp.; 22, 38, 43-47, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
x		1991	Frazier & Mundkur (DD; intestine; India; 375.)

Parasites: Harpactichechus manatorum Ortíz, Lalana & Torres, 1992 ( 1 )
x		*	1992	Ortiz et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; TMM; Cuba; 117-127.)

Parasites: Harpactichechus Ortíz, Lalana & Torres, 1992 ( 1 )
x		*	1992	Ortiz et al. (n.gen.; TMM; Cuba; 118.)

Parasites: Harpacticus pulex Humes, 1964 ( 3 )
x	*	1964	Humes, A.G. (n.sp.; TM; Florida; in capt.; 517-528.)
x		1981	Zeiller, W. (TM; Florida; in capt.; 107-108.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (m633.)

Parasites: Heterocheilus Diesing, 1839 ( 4 )
x	*	1839	Diesing, C.M. (n.gen.; TI; Brazil; 229-232, pls. 15, 19.)
		1965	Chabaud & Bain
x		1977	Petter, A.J. (evolution, in relation to origin of sirs.; 153.)
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (redescription; 310-311.)

Parasites: Heterocheilus domningi Sprent, 1983 ( 2 )
x	*	1983	Sprent, J.F.A. (n.sp.; TS; Zaire; 69-76.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 633.)

Parasites: Heterocheilus tunicatus Diesing, 1839 ( 11 )
x	*	1839	Diesing, C.M. (n.gen.n.sp.; TI; Brazil; 230-232, pls. 15, 19.)
x		1851	Diesing, C.M. (TI; Brazil; 209, 502.)
		1884	Drasche, R.v. (redescription)
x		1899	Stiles & Hassall (m107, m170.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (m70.)
x		1981c	Domning, D.P. (m131.)
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (redescription; 309-315, 322-325, pls. 1-2.)
x	*	1983	Sprent, J.F.A. (comp. w/ H. domningi, 69, 73-75; TM, 69, 73-74.)
x	*	1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 628-635.)
x		1996	Reynolds & Rommel (Florida; 541.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)

Parasites: Hexapleomera ( 1 )
			2012	Bamber, R.N.

Parasites: Indosolenorchis Crusz, 1951 ( 3 )
x	*	1951	Crusz, H. (n.gen.; DD, cecum; Sri Lanka; 135-141, pls. 17-20.)
		1958	Mackerras, M.J.
x		1980	Sey, O. (syn. of Solenorchis; 223-228.)

Parasites: Indosolenorchis hirudinaceus Crusz, 1951 ( 8 )
x	*	1951	Crusz, H. (n.gen.n.sp.; DD, cecum; Sri Lanka; 135-141, pls. 17-20.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (Sri Lanka; 499, 503.)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD, cecum; Sulawesi; 41.)
x	*	1980	Blair, D. (DD, cecum & large intestine; Indopacific; 511-525.)
x		1980	Sey, O. (syn. of Solenorchis travassosi; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
x		1991	Frazier & Mundkur (DD; intestine; India; 375.)

Parasites: Labicola Blair, 1979 ( 1 )
x		*	1979	Blair, D. (n.gen.; DD, upper lips; Australia; 519-526.)

Parasites: Labicola elongata Blair, 1979 ( 5 )
x	*	1979	Blair, D. (n.gen.n.sp.; DD, upper lips; Australia; 519-526.)
x		1981b	Blair, D. (m46.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (technique for collection, 276; in checklist, 281.)
x		1986	Blair, D. (photo of flukes in section of DD lip; S21.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Lankatrema Crusz and Fernand, 1954 ( 6 )
x	*	1954	Crusz & Fernand (n.gen.; DD, stomach; Sri Lanka; 501.)
x		1977	Blair, D. (DD; Australia; 64.)
x		1977	Marsh et al. (DD, stomach; Australia; 286-287, 291.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 19-20, 28-29.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (technique for collection, 277, 280; in checklist, 281.)
x		1988	Dailey et al. (comp. w/ Moniligerum; 160, 162.)

Parasites: Lankatrema macrocotyle Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.sp.; 14, 20-21, 23, 27-28, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Lankatrema mannarense Crusz and Fernand, 1954 ( 3 )
x	*	1954	Crusz & Fernand (n.gen.n.sp.; Sri Lanka; 499-501, 503, 506-507.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 20-21, 23-24.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Lankatrema microcotyle Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.sp.; 14, 20-21, 23-25, 27-28, 34, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Lankatrema minutum Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.sp.; 14, 20-21, 23-24, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Lankatrematoides Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.; 28-29.)
x		1988	Dailey et al. (comp. w/ Moniligerum; 162.)

Parasites: Lankatrematoides gardneri Blair, 1981 ( 3 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.gen.n.sp.; 18, 28-29, 31, 34, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
x	*	1992	Blair & Hudson (DD, pancreas; Papua New Guinea; population structure; 1077-1079.)

Parasites: Leeches ( 1 )
x			1920	Beebe, W. (Guyana; m731.)

Parasites: Leptomera Latreille, 1817 ( 2 )
x	1873	Lütken, C.F. (suggested as parasite of HG; 272.)
x	1978b	Domning, D.P. (?HG; review; 115.)

Parasites: Lobocephalus heterolobus Diesing, 1838 ( 3 )
x	*	1838	Diesing, C.M. (n.gen.n.sp.; nomen nudum; 189.)
x		1851	Diesing, C.M. (syn. of Heterocheilus tunicatus; 209.)
x		1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Heterocheilus tunicatus; 311.)

Parasites: Melanothamnus maniticola Woodworth et al., 2019 ( 1 )
		*	2019	Woodworth et al. (n.sp.; TML; Florida; skin.)

Parasites: Moniligerum blairi Dailey, Vogelbein, and Forrester, 1988 ( 4 )
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 629-630, 632-633.)
x	*	1988	Dailey et al. (n.gen.n.sp.; TM; Florida; 160-162.)
x		1996	Reynolds & Rommel (Florida; 541-542, 550.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)

Parasites: Moniligerum Dailey, Vogelbein, and Forrester, 1988 ( 1 )
x		*	1988	Dailey et al. (n.gen.; TM; Florida; 160.)

Parasites: Monostomum dujonis Leuckart, 1875 ( 3 )
	*	1875	Leuckart, R. (n.sp.; DD; Philippines)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (m69.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Opisthotrema dujonis; 6, 8.)

Parasites: Neospora caninum ( 1 )
			2019	Wong et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia)

Parasites: Nudacotyle undicola Dailey, Vogelbein, and Forrester, 1988 ( 3 )
x	*	1988	Beck & Forrester (Florida; 629-631, 633.)
x	*	1988	Dailey et al. (n.sp.; TM; Florida; 161-163.)
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)

Parasites: Opisthotrema australe Blair, 1981 ( 2 )
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (n.sp.; 5-10, 30, 42, 51-53.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema cochleare Fischer, 1884 ( 3 )
x	1906b	Dexler & Freund (Australia; 69.)
x	1931	Travassos & Vogelsang (comp. w/ Cochleotrema; 143-144.)
x	1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of O. dujonis; 6, 8, 13, 15.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema cochleotrema (Travassos & Vogelsang, 1931) Price, 1932 ( 3 )
x	1979	Budiarso et al. (DD, nasal passages; Sulawesi; 568.)
x	1979	Forrester et al. (TM, nasal passages; Florida; 5.)
x	1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Cochleotrema cochleotrema; 13, 15, 17.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema dujonis (Leuckart, 1875) Price, 1932 ( 7 )
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (m503.)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD, eustachian tube; Sulawesi; 41.)
x		1977	Blair, D. (DD; Australia; 64.)
x		1979	Budiarso et al. (DD, eustachian tubes; Sulawesi; 568.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 5-10, 19, 30, 42, 45, 51-53.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema Fischer, 1883 ( 1 )
x		*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 4-6, 10, 12, 21.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema nasalis Budiarso et al., 1979 ( 2 )
x	1979	Budiarso et al. (n.sp.; nomen nudum; DD, nasal passages; Sulawesi; 568.)
x	1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Cochleotrema indicum; 17.)

Parasites: Opisthotrema pulmonale von Linstow, 1904 ( 2 )
	*	1904	Linstow, O.v. (n.sp.; DD, lungs; Torres Strait)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Pulmonicola pulmonalis; 5-6, 17, 19.)

Parasites: Paracochleotrema indicum Sharma and Gupta, 1971 ( 3 )
x	*	1971	Sharma & Gupta (n.gen.n.sp.; DD, nasal passages; 285-288.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Cochleotrema indicum; 15.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (technique for collection, 276, 280; in checklist, 281.)

Parasites: Paracochleotrema Sharma & Gupta, 1971 ( 2 )
x	*	1971	Sharma & Gupta (n.gen.; DD, nasal passages; 285.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (syn. of Cochleotrema; 10, 12.)

Parasites: Paradujardinia halicoris (Owen, 1833) Travassos, 1933 ( 14 )
x	v		1834	Rüppell, E. (Red Sea; 106.)
		*	1933	Travassos, L.P.
x			1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD, stomach; Sri Lanka; 499.)
x			1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, stomach; Red Sea; 43-46, pl. 3.)
x			1973	Bertram & Bertram (DD, stomach; Queensland; 312.)
x			1976	Allen et al. (DD, stomach; Australia; 41.)
x			1977	Jueco, N.L. (DD, stomach & small intestine; Philippines; 257-262.)
x		*	1977	Marsh et al. ("P. halichoris"; DD, stomach; Australia; 286, 291.)
x			1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x			1981	Campbell & Ladds (DD, stomach; Queensland; 179.)
x		*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (redescription; 309-310, 312, 314-325, pls. 2-3.)
x			1983	Sprent, J.F.A. (comp. w/ Heterocheilus; 75.)
x			1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
x			1988	Hasegawa, H. (DD, stomach & small intestine; Okinawa; 23-25.)

Parasites: Paradujardinia Travassos, 1933 ( 3 )
	*	1933	Travassos, L.P. (n.gen.)
x		1977	Petter, A.J. (evolution, in relation to origin of sirs.; 153-155.)
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (redescription; 312, 319.)

Parasites: Platylepas bissexlobata de Blainville ( 2 )
	1854	Darwin, C.
x	1884	Fischer, P. (DD; New Caledonia; 359.)

Parasites: Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) ( 5 )
	1854	Darwin, C.
x	1916	Pilsbry, H.A. (DD & Trichechus; 284-286.)
x	1962	Marlow, B.J. ("P. hexastylus"; DD; New South Wales; 433.)
x	1965	Stubbings, H.G. (TS; 876, 891, 894, 899-902.)
x	1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 633-634.)

Parasites: Plicatolabia hagenbecki (Khalil and Vogelsang, 1932) Mosgovoy, 1951 ( 4 )
x		1970	Radhakrishnan & Bradley (TML, stomach; Florida; 59.)
x		1979	Forrester et al. (TM, stomach; Florida; 5.)
x		1981a	Beusse et al. ("Plicatolabia sp."; TM, stomach & intestines; Florida; 98.)
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Heterocheilus tunicatus; 310-311.)

Parasites: Proto Leach, 1814 ( 2 )
x	1873	Lütken, C.F. (suggested as parasite of HG; 272.)
x	1978b	Domning, D.P. (?HG; review; 115.)

Parasites: Pulmonicola pulmonalis (von Linstow, 1904) Poche, 1926 ( 7 )
x		1931	Travassos & Vogelsang (comp. w/ Cochleotrema; 143.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (m503.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 17, 19.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
		2009	Carvalho et al. (TMM; Brazil; "Pulmonicola cochleotrema")
		2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; "Pulmonicola cochleotrema")

Parasites: Rhabdiopoeus Johnston, 1913 ( 2 )
x		1977	Blair, D. (DD; Australia; 64.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 33, 35, 41, 44.)

Parasites: Rhabdiopoeus taylori Johnston, 1913 ( 6 )
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD, intestine; m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. ("Rhabdiopaeus"; DD, cecum; Red Sea; 45-46.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 22, 35-37, 45, 51-53.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)
x		1991	Frazier & Mundkur (DD; intestine; India; 375.)

Parasites: Schizamphistoma manati Sokoloff and Caballero, 1932 ( 1 )
x		*	1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (n.sp.; 163-167.)

Parasites: Sirenocyamus Brandt, 1846 ( 3 )
x	*	1846b	Brandt, J.F. (n.gen.; name proposed for animal described by Steller; 189-192.)
x	*	1967	Leung, Y.-M. (syn. of Cyamus; 279-280, 287.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; review; 115.)

Parasites: Sirenocyamus rhytinae Brandt, 1846 ( 7 )
x		*	1846b	Brandt, J.F. (n.gen.n.sp.; name proposed for animal described by Steller; 189-192.)
x		*	1873	Lütken, C.F. (syn. of Cyamus ovalis; 270-274, pl. 2.)
x			1893	Lütken, C.F. (m433.)
x	v	*	1899	Steller, G.W. (HG; Bering Is.; 201.)
x			1899	Stiles & Hassall (m163.)
x		*	1967	Leung, Y.-M. (syn. of Cyamus ovalis; 279-280, 287.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; review; 115.)

Parasites: Solenorchis baeri Hilmy, 1949 ( 7 )
	*	1949	Hilmy, I.S. (n.sp.)
x		1951	Crusz, H. (m140.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, cecum; Red Sea; 45-46, 48.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (synonymized with S. travassosi; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Solenorchis gohari Hilmy, 1949 ( 6 )
	*	1949	Hilmy, I.S. (n.sp.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, cecum; Red Sea; 45-46, 48.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (synonymized with S. travassosi; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Solenorchis Hilmy, 1949 ( 5 )
	*	1949	Hilmy, I.S. (n.gen.; DD; Red Sea)
x		1951	Crusz, H. (comp. w/ Indosolenorchis; 139-140.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, cecum; Red Sea; 44-46, 48.)
x		1980	Blair, D. (comp. w/ Indosolenorchis; 523-524.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (revision; 223-228.)

Parasites: Solenorchis naguibmahfouzi Hilmy, 1949 ( 6 )
	*	1949	Hilmy, I.S. (n.sp.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD, cecum; m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, cecum; Red Sea; 45-46, 48.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (synonymized with S. travassosi; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Solenorchis travassosi Hilmy, 1949 ( 7 )
	*	1949	Hilmy, I.S. (n.sp.)
x		1951	Crusz, H. (m140.)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD, intestine; m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD, cecum; Red Sea; 45-46, 48.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (revision & synonymy; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Taprobanella bicaudata Crusz and Fernand, 1954 ( 4 )
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (n.gen.n.sp.; DD, stomach; Sri Lanka; 499, 501-503, 506-507.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 26, 37-40, 42, 51-53.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasites: Taprobanella Crusz & Fernand, 1954 ( 3 )
x	*	1954	Crusz & Fernand (n.gen.; DD, stomach; Sri Lanka; 501-503.)
x		1977	Blair, D. (DD; Australia; 64.)
x	*	1981a	Blair, D. (revision; 37, 41, 44.)

Parasites: Toxoplasma gondii ( 9 )
x		1983	Buergelt & Bonde (Florida; 1294-1296.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 633.)
		2012	Alvarado-Esquivel et al. (TMM; in capt., Mexico)
		2012	Mathews, Da Silva et al. (TI; Brazil; antibodies)
		2012	Sulzner et al. (Belize)
	*	2012	Bossart et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; Toxoplasma gondii; gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, myocarditis)
	*	2017	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; Florida, Puerto Rico)
	*	2017	Wyrosdick, Gerhold et al. (TML, TMM; Florida, Puerto Rico)
		2019	Wong et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia)

Parasites: Typhlophorus hagenbecki Khalil and Vogelsang, 1932 ( 2 )
	*	1932	Khalil & Vogelsang (n.sp.; TM; in capt.)
x	*	1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (syn. of Heterocheilus tunicatus; 310-311.)

Parasites: Zygocotyle Stunkard, 1916 ( 7 )
		1950	Dollfus, R.P. (Djibouti)
x		1954	Crusz & Fernand (m503.)
x		1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (distinct from Solenorchis; m48.)
x		1980	Blair, D. (comp. w/ Indosolenorchis; 523-524.)
x	*	1980	Sey, O. (Z. sp. of Dollfus [1950] referred to Solenorchis travassosi; 223-228.)
x		1981c	Blair, D. (in checklist; 281.)
x		1988	Beck & Forrester (in checklist; 634.)

Parasitology ( 63 )
(SEE ALSO: Bacteriology; Community Ecology; Parasites)
x		1846b	Brandt, J.F. (HG; skin & intestinal parasites; 189-192.)
x		1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; large intestine; m456.)
		1878	Linstow, O.v.
x		1905	Townsend, C.H. (TML; in capt., New York; "flatworms" in brain & other organs; 97.)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD, 69-70; HG, Trichechus, 70.)
x		1906c	Dexler & Freund (DD; 569.)
		1913	Johnston, S.J. (DD; Queensland)
		1923	Baylis & Daubney (DD; India)
		1924	Broch, H.
		1931	Travassos & Vogelsang
		1932	Price, E.W.
x		1932	Sokoloff & Caballero (TMM; 163, 167.)
		1940	Nigrelli, R.F.
x		1941	Johnston & Mawson (DD; Australia; Dujardinia; 432.)
		1950	Dollfus, R.P.
		1950	Mohr, E. (HG; skin)
x		1951b	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; algae, barnacles; 26.)
x		1953	Quiring & Harlan (TML; Florida; barnacles; 194.)
x	*	1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD; 499-507.)
x		1956	Harry, R.R. (DD; algae; 26.)
x		1956	Tomkins, I.R. (TML; barnacles; 289.)
x		1959	Jones, S. (DD; in capt., India; algae; 199.)
x		1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; algae; 3.)
		1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (HG; skin)
x		1967	Welsby, T. (DD; barnacles; 1: 104, 2: 234.)
x		1968	Lemire, M. (microbiological digestion; 504-514.)
		1972	Dailey & Brownell
x		1972	Phillips, C. (TML; in capt., Florida; use of mullet to control algae; 37.)
x		1976	Allen et al. (DD; Sulawesi; unidentified parasites; 41.)
x		1977	Petter, A.J. (radiation of Ascaridoidea in sirs.; 151, 153-155.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; crustaceans, nematodes; 115.)
x		1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; remoras; 135-136.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; nematode eggs, algae, diatoms, barnacles, remoras, arthropods, etc.; 23, 62-64, 88.)
x		1979	Tas'an et al. (DD; Indonesia; laryngitis caused by flukes; 27-29.)
x		1981b	Blair, D. (DD; gen. acc.; 46.)
x	*	1981c	Blair, D. (DD; techniques for helminth collection; 275-285.)
x		1981	Brownell, Anderson et al. (DD; Palau; remoras; 32-33.)
x		1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (invasion of sirs. by ascaridoids; 309, 324-325.)
x		1981	Zeiller, W. (TML; in capt., Florida; Harpacticus ectoparasites, 107-108; use of mullet & copper sulfate to control algae, 108.)
x		1982	Barnett & Johns (DD; Queensland; remoras; 522.)
x		1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (DD; ovarian parasites; 745-747, 761-762.)
x		1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; barnacles; 772.)
x		1986	Blair, D. (DD; gen. acc.; S21-S22.)
		1987	Geraci & St. Aubin
x	*	1988	Beck & Forrester (TML & other sirs.; summary of parasites; 628-637.)
		1992	Forrester, D.J.
x		1992	Ortiz et al. (TM; Cuba; copepod Harpactichechus manatorum & peritrichid protozoan; 117-119.)
		1997	Raga, J.A.
x		1997	Whiting, S.D. (DD; Australia; remoras; 19.)
		2006	Bledsoe et al. (TML; biofouling organisms)
		2008	Morales-V. et al. (TMM; crustacean epibiont Hexapleomera robusta)
		2009	Colon-Llavina et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands; parasites)
		2010	Gibbs et al. (TML; Blue Spring, Florida; disturbance by invasive catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus)
		2012	Morales-Serna et al. (TMM; Mexico; parasitic copepods)
		2012	Oppenheimer & BenDor (TML; management of biofouling)
	*	2012	Bonde, Mignucci-Giannoni, & Bossart (pathology & mortality assessment)
x		2015	Cole, B. (DD; Red Sea, Egypt; photo w/ remoras; 2-4.)
		2016	Violante & Suárez (TMM; copepod Metis holothuriae)
		2017	Borges, Lima, et al. (TI; Brazil; Cryptosporidium, Giardia)
	*	2018	Frankovich et al. (TML; diatoms (Tursiocola spp.))
		2018	Borges et al. (TI; diagnosis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia)
	*	2018	Wyrosdick et al. (TML, TMM; internal parasites)
		2019	Vélez et al. (TMM; Colombia)

Pathology ( 175 )
(SEE ALSO: Bacteriology; Biochemistry; Natural Death or Injury; Parasites; Parasitology; Pollution, Effects of; Temperature, Effects of; Teratology; Virology)
x			1876	Chapman, H.C. (TMM; in capt., Philadelphia; pericardial inflammation, constipation; 460-461.)
x			1878	Brown, A.E. (TMM; in capt., Philadelphia; constipation, 296; fat deposits around heart, 297.)
			1879	Murie, J. (TMM; wasting, peritonitis)
x			1880	Murie, J. (TMM; wasting, peritonitis; 23-24.)
x			1881	Crane, A. (?TI; in capt., Brighton; intestinal inflammation, m456; broken humerus & spinal injury, 459.)
x			1894	Miller, W.D. (TS; tooth caries; 15-18.)
x			1897	Beddard, F.E. (TI; pleurisy; 47.)
x			1904	Freund, L. (DD; metacarpus; 375, pl. 15.)
x			1905	Townsend, C.H. (TML; in capt., New York; pneumonia, parasites; 97.)
x			1908b	Gudernatsch, J.F. (TML; in capt., New York; pneumonia, parasites, wounds, 227, 232; liver & kidney disease, 235.)
x			1919	Anon. (TI; in capt., New York; supposedly with "two distinct stomachs"; 46.)
x			1924-25	Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt., Hamburg; ?bloat, 131-132, 177; slow healing of wounds, 132.)
x			1926	Derscheid, J.M. (TS; acute enteritis; 25.)
x			1928b	Petit, G. (TS, Halitherium schinzii; fusion of cervical vertebrae 2 & 3; 429-431.)
			1930	Pales, L. (HG)
x		*	1930	Vosseler, J. (TI; in capt., Hamburg; enteritis & fungal infection; 362-364.)
x			1932	Korschelt, E. (DD, rib fractures, 450; TML, lesion on radius, 451.)
x			1934	Hatt, R.T. (Trichechus; skeletal anomalies; 540.)
			1936	Slijper, E.J. (HG; spondylitis deformans; 488.)
x			1939	Coates, C.W. (TI; in capt., New York; "ulcers" in back muscles; 148.)
x			1944	Pereira, M.N. (TI; Brazil; respiratory infection, skin disease; 65.)
x			1948	Bessac & Villiers (TS; boils, treated with mercurochrome & penicillin; 189.)
x			1954	Anon. (TS; in capt., Antwerp; photos of healing wounds; 78.)
x			1954	Crusz & Fernand (DD; parasites; 503-505.)
x			1955	Severin, K. (TML; pneumonia; 148.)
x			1956a	Anon. (DD; wounds, pneumonia; 49.)
x			1956	Harry, R.R. (DD; wounds, pneumonia; 27.)
x			1957	Gohar, H.A.F. (DD; Red Sea; nematode infestation; 43-44, pl. 3.)
x			1959	Jones, S. (DD; in capt., India; abrasions, 198; scabies from dirt, 199.)
x			1961	Jonklaas, R. (DD; wounds; 3.)
			1963	Bertram, G.C.L. (Trichechus; fungal infection)
x			1963	Hofmeister, Max (TMM from Guyana; in capt., Ohio; rope lacerations, loose bowels, edema; 12.)
x			1964a	Bertram & Bertram (TMM; Guyana; fungal infection; 117-118.)
x			1964	Humes, A.G. (TML; in capt., Florida; infection & parasites; 517-518, 528.)
x			1964	Moore, J.C. (TML; Florida; healing of injury to tail; 7-8.)
			1965	Dilbone, R.P. (mycosis)
x			1965	Layne, J.N. (TML; Florida; propeller wounds, 166-167; red tide, 167.)
x			1965	Lluch B., D. (TMM; Mexico; healing of wounds; death from harpoon wound in lung; 417.)
x			1967a	Jones, S. (DD; in capt., India; pneumonia, m216; blisters, infected stingray wound, inflamed testes, 219.)
x			1967	Oke, V.R. (DD; in capt., Australia; copper sulfate poisoning; 221.)
x			1968b	Anon. (TI; in capt., San Francisco; wound infection; 2.)
x		*	1969	Frye & Herald (TI, DD; wound infection & osteomyelitis; 1073-1076.)
x			1969	Herald, E.S. (TI; wound infection & osteomyelitis; m29.)
			1972	Bartmann, W. (TM; in capt., Duisburg, Germany; skin disease)
x			1972	Blessing et al. (TI; in capt.; 168.)
x			1972	Boorer, M.K. (TM; in capt.; clockwise swimming & possible asymmetrical muscle development; m165.)
			1973	Lewis & Wilson
x			1974	Bartmann, W. (TM; in capt., Germany; furuncular dermatitis; 13-16.)
x			1974a	Dekker, D. (TMM from Suriname; in capt., Amsterdam; bruises, saliva in bronchi; 68.)
x			1974b	Dekker, D. (TMM; Suriname; thinness; 3.)
			1974	Mawdesley, T.L.E. (neoplasia)
x			1974	Tabuchi et al. (TM; skin fungus; 127-134.)
x			1975c	Anon. (TML; Florida; ?bloat; 5.)
x			1975	Domning & Frye (Metaxytherium jordani, Hydrodamalis n.sp.; fractures, osteomyelitis, ossifying spondylosis; ?osteitis deformans or ?osteitis fibrosa; 1-4, pls. 1-2.)
x			1975	Forrester et al. (TML; Florida; intussusception, pesticides, parasites; 566-568.)
x			1975	Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (TMM; in capt., Brazil; deaths attributed to chlorinated water; 224.)
x			1976	Allen et al. (DD; in capt., Jakarta; malnutrition, gastrointestinal pathology, 36, 38, 40-41, 46; parasites, 41.)
x			1976	Boever et al. (TI; in capt., St. Louis, Missouri; Mycobacterium infection; 927-929.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (Dusisiren jordani, 68-69; Hydrodamalis cuestae, 90-91, 123-124; HG, 100.)
			1978	Fowler, M.F.
x			1979	Anderson, P.K. (DD; "sunburn" scars; 131, 133.)
x			1979	Budiarso et al. (DD; Sulawesi; parasitic nasal lesions; 568.)
x			1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; ?bloat; 124-125.)
			1979	Lowry, B.H. (TML)
x			1979	Mok & Best (TI; in capt., Manaus; skin fungus; 79-82.)
			1979	Neal et al. (TM)
x			1979	Tas'an et al. (DD; in capt., Jakarta & Okinawa; intestinal impaction, hepatic dysfunction, gastric hemorrhage, pancreatitis, hydropericardium, laryngitis, colitis; 19, 27-29.)
x			1980	Arvy, L. (high bone density in sirs. considered pathological; 312.)
x			1980	Domning, D.P. (TI calves; in capt., Manaus; floating; 544.)
x			1980	Irvine et al. (TML; Florida; skin, lung, & lymph node lesions; 3-5.)
x			1980	Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; edematous fat & muscle; 188.)
x			1981a	Anderson, P.K. (DD; capture myopathy; 645-646.)
			1981	Bergin, T.J.
x			1981	Best, R.C. (cutaneous infections caused by malnutrition; 21.)
x			1981a	Beusse et al. (TML; Florida; septicemia, pneumonia; 98-101.)
x			1981b	Beusse et al. (TML; Florida; injuries, septicemia, hematology; 111-120.)
x			1981	Campbell & Ladds (DD; Queensland; various diseases; 176-181.)
x			1981	Cardeilhac et al. (TML; Florida; pneumonia, infections; 144.)
x			1981	Elliott et al. (DD; in capt., Cairns, Australia; salmonellosis; 203-208.)
x			1981	Jenkins, R.L. (TML; in capt., St. Augustine, Florida; development of dermatitis in fresh water; 129.)
x			1981	Odell et al. (TML; effect of pneumonia on lung weights; 57.)
x			1981	Zeiller, W. (TML; in capt., Miami, Florida; intestinal impaction from eating palm fronds; ectoparasitic lesions; 107-108.)
x		*	1983	Bonde et al. (TM; salvage & necropsy manual; i-v, 1-175.)
x			1983	Buergelt & Bonde (TML; toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis; 1294-1296.)
x			1983	Gallivan et al. (TML; risk of epidemics at warm-water refugia; 261.)
x			1983	Marsh & Anderson (DD; capture myopathy; 1-3.)
x			1984	Buergelt et al. (TML; Florida; necropsy findings; various natural & accidental causes of death; 1331-1334.)
x			1984	Buergelt, C.D. (TML; Florida; summary of necropsy findings, 1980-83; encephalitis; 28-29.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (DD; ovarian cysts, metritis; 749, 762, 764.)
			1985	Lauckner, G.
x			1985	Morales et al. (TI; in capt.; systemic Mycobacterium infection, harpoon wound, skin lesions, etc.; 1230-1231.)
			1985	Morales et al. (TI; Mycobacterium marinum infection)
x			1985	O'Shea, Beck et al. (TML; Florida; cachexia, etc.; 4-6.)
x			1985	O'Shea, Rathbun et al. (TML; no evidence of capture myopathy; 335-349.)
x			1985	Qiu, Y.-X. (TM; in capt., Beijing; infections; 36.)
			1986	Medway & Geraci
x			1986	Morales, P. (TI; in capt., San Francisco; systemic Mycobacterium infection, harpoon wound, skin lesions, etc.; 43-48.)
x			1987b	Anon. (TML; intestinal blockage; m225.)
x			1987	Colares & Ferreira (TI; in capt., Manaus; floating, constipation, anemia, benign intestinal polyp; 39.)
x			1987	Walsh et al. (TML; Florida; omphalitis & peritonitis; 702-704.)
x			1988	Beck & Forrester (TML; Florida; pathologies associated with parasitic infestations; 630.)
x			1988	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium floridanum; fractures; 415.)
			1988b	Pilleri, G. (Metaxytherium sp.)
x			1990	Buergelt et al. (TML; thickened heart valves; 220-227.)
x			1990	Colares et al. (TI; in capt., Manaus; treatments for infections, conjunctivitis, enteritis; 44-45.)
x	D		1990	Repenning & Packard (Paleoparadoxia [Stanford specimen]; fractures; 199-203.)
x			1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (TI, TML, floating, 359-360; pachyosteosclerosis not pathological, 335-336, 363-364.)
x		*	1991	O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; mortality from red tide; 165-179.)
			1992	Forrester, D.J.
x			1992	Simmons, N. (TML; use of flotation gear in rehabilitation; pop. acc.; 9.)
x			1994	Rosas, F.C.W. (TI; in capt., Manaus; sunburn; 55.)
x			1995	Anderson & Barclay (DD; "whistles" ?due to respiratory abnormality; 1234.)
			1995	Duignan et al. (TML; morbilliviruses; 441-451.)
			1997?	Young, A. (TML; Tampa, Florida; rehabilitation from red tide; pop. acc.)
x		*	1998	Bossart et al. (TML; brevetoxicosis; 276-282.)
			1998	LaBonne, D.L.
			1999	Walsh et al. (TM; pneumotosis intestinalis)
			1999	Trainer & Baden (red tide neurotoxins)
x			1999	Uchida et al. (TMM; in capt., Okinawa; 131-133.)
			1999	Walsh & Bossart (TML)
x			2000	Cowan, D.F. (TM; Texas; starvation & cold; 5.)
x			2001	Blaszkiewitz, B. (TMM; congenital partly-uninflated lung; 427.)
		*	2001	Bossart, G.D. (manatee medicine)
			2001	Pimentel, T.L. (sir. medicine)
x			2001	Taylor, G. (DD; Australia; bloat; 41.)
			2002	Bossart, Baden, et al. (TML; brevetoxicosis)
			2002	Bossart, Ewing et al. (TML; viral papillomatosis)
			2002	Bossart, Ewing et al. (TML; viral papillomatosis; 37-48.)
			2002	Barrett & Rima (morbillivirus)
			2003	Bossart, Meisner et al. (TML; cold stress syndrome)
			2003	Bossart, Meisner et al. (TML; cold stress syndrome; 9-17.)
x			2003	Falcón et al. (TMM; intestinal impaction, respiratory distress, shark bite; 7-9.)
x		*	2003	Falcón et al. (TMM; intestinal impaction, respiratory distress, shark bite; 7-9.)
			2003b	Vergara-Parente et al. (TMM; salmonellosis; 131-136.)
			2003	Leistra et al.
			2003	Sato et al. (TML; in capt.; mycobacteriosis)
		*	2004	Bossart et al. (TML)
			2005	Woodruff et al. (TML; papilloma virus; cutaneous lesions)
			2006	Bledsoe et al. (TML; biofouling organisms)
			2006	Harr et al. (TML; generalized inflammatory disease)
			2006	D'Affonseca Neto & Vergara-P. (TI, TMM; veterinary medicine)
			2006	Lightsey et al. (TML; watercraft-related mortality; necropsy methods)
			2007	Bossart, G.D. (TM; emerging diseases)
			2008	Moore et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; cardiac failure)
			2010	Sas & Baatz (TML; Karenia brevis; brevetoxin-2)
			2010	Lacreta et al. (TI; radius fracture)
			2010	Lanyon et al. (DD; physiological response to capture for health assessment)
			2011	Silva et al. (TI; in capt., Brazil; skin lesions)
			2011	Gillespie et al. (DD; small intestinal volvulus)
			2011	Harr et al. (TML; infection; Pasteurella multocida; polycystic kidneys)
			2011	Donà et al. (TML, Florida; TMM, Belize; seroepidemiology of papillomavirus)
			2012	Owen et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; postmortem findings)
			2012	Gerlach et al. (TML; diaphragmatic hernia, heart enlargement, cold stress lesions)
		*	2012	Stamper & Bonde (TM; health assessment techniques)
		*	2012	Bonde, Mignucci-Giannoni, & Bossart (pathology & mortality assessment)
			2012	Sulzner et al. (TMM; Belize; hematology, immunology, pathogens)
			2012	Bossart et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; Toxoplasma gondii; gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, myocarditis)
			2013	Bonde et al. (TML; Crystal River, Florida; health assessments)
		*	2014	Lazzarini et al. (TI, TMM; medical care)
	D		2015	Thomas & Barnes (Neoparadoxia cecilialina; Late Mioc., California; osteochondrosis; 28-31.)
			2015	Mathews et al. (TI; Peru; Leptospira infection)
			2015	Sidrim et al. (TI, TMM; in capt.; Brazil; yeast microbiota)
			2016	Guerra et al. (TI; acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis)
			2016	Sidrim et al. (TI, TM; in capt.; Candida spp. antifungal resistance & virulence)
			2018	Harvey et al. (TML; serum proteins)
		*	2018	Davis & Walsh (medical care of sirs.)
			2018	Reisfeld et al. (TI, in capt.; cutaneous mycobacteriosis)
		*	2019	Martony et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome)
			2019	Martony, Isaza et al. (TML; cold-stress syndrome; measurement of core body temperature)
			2019	Harvey et al. (TML; serum iron analytes)
			2019	Carvalho et al. (TM; Brazil; cerebral & cardiac congenital malformations in neonates)
			2020	Harvey et al. (TML; serum iron analytes)
			2021	Correa Neto et al. (TI; salmonellosis)
			2022	Cabrias-C. et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; perinatal bilateral exophthalmia & secondary corneal ulcers)
			2022	Mignucci-G. et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; genital papillomatosis)

Peru ( 25 )
		1571	SEE Salinas Loyola, J. de, 1897.
x		1836	Smyth & Lowe (TI; 197, 229, 242-243.)
x		1853	Herndon, W.L. (TI; econ. use; 158, 163-164, 200.)
x		1875	Wilder, B.G. (TI; Marañon R., at Pebos; 105.)
		1897	Salinas Loyola, J. de (TI; R. Ucayali, 1571)
x		1914	Woodroffe, J.F. (TI; 243-244.)
x		1967	MacLaren, J.P. (TI; ?from Iquitos; m388.)
x		1968	Grimwood, I.R. (TI; status & exploitation; 418.)
x		1969	Grimwood, I.R. (TI; distr.; 61.)
x		1976	Mármol B., A.E. (TI; food plants; 31-32.)
x		1976	Neville et al. (TI; Samiria R. area; 155.)
x		1977	Van Bree & Duguy (TI; Ucayali R.; 292.)
x		1985	Muizon & De Vries (Metaxytherium calvertense; Mioc.; m560.)
x	*	1985	Muizon & Domning (Metaxytherium calvertense, Mioc., 189-206, 209-213; indeterminate sir., Plioc., 206-210.)
x		1986	Frailey, C.D. (?Ribodon; ?Late Mioc., Acre R.; 34.)
x		1986	Timm et al. (TI; hunting; 151-152, 154-155.)
x	*	1996	Reeves et al. (TI; distr. & status; 246-254.)
		2012	Perea-S. et al. (TI; in capt.; management & rehabilitation)
x		2013	Lambert & Muizon (cf. Nanosiren sp.; Late Mioc., Sacaco Basin; m719.)
x		2015	Amson et al. (supposed dugongine rib reidentified as the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus; Late Mioc., Pisco Fm.; 1-4.)
		2015	Mathews et al. (TI; Leptospira infection)
		2015	Silva, Montes & Elias (TI; Río Ucayali; conservation)
		2016	Antoine et al. (Trichechinae; early Mioc.)
		2016	Arévalo-Sandi & Castelblanco-Martínez (TI; interactions among calves in captivity)
		2017	Landeo et al. (TI; captivity & release; behavior)

Pezosiren Domning, 2001 ( 4 )
x	*	2001c	Domning, D.P. (n.gen.; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; 625.)
x		2008	Prothero, D. (pop. acc.; 41.)
		2013	Domning, D.P. (reconstruction of skeleton; 201.)
x		2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.)

Pezosiren portelli Domning, 2001 ( 9 )
x	v		2000	Domning, D.P. (locomotor & diving adaptations; 115-116.)
x		*	2001c	Domning, D.P. (n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Jamaica; 625-627.)
x	v		2001d	Domning, D.P. ("Prorastomidae n.gen.n.sp."; tibia; 25.)
x			2001	Reed, C. (gen. acc; 8.)
			2004	D'Anastasio, R. (hyperostosis of ribs)
			2007	Donovan et al. (Eoc.; Jamaica)
			2010	Buffrénil et al. (pachyosteosclerosis)
			2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (hindlimb bones comp. w/ Eotheroides sandersi, Eosiren libyca, Protosiren smithae)
			2015	Prothero, D.R. (gen. acc.)

Philippine Islands ( 41 )
		1668	Alzina: SEE Higueras & Martin-Meras, 1974.
		1706	Camelli, G.J.
		1792	SEE Aragón, F., 1951.
		1869	Semper, K.G.
		1875	Leuckart, R. (DD; trematode Monostomum dujonis, n.sp.)
		1895	Jordana y Morera, R.
		1895	Elera, C. de (DD)
x		1906b	Dexler & Freund (DD; parasites; 69.)
		1912	Hollister, N.
		1915	Elera, C. de (DD)
x		1915	Seale, A. (DD; Luzon; 215-217, 1 pl.)
x		1923a	Petit, G. ("dugong-bone society"; 83.)
		1928	Dickerson et al. (DD)
		1934	Taylor, E.H. (DD)
x		1939	Lyman, C.P. (DD; Tagbac Bay; vestigial incisor; 229.)
		1950	Blair & Robertson (DD)
x	*	1951	Aragon, F. (DD; early accounts; 265-268.)
		1970	Fox, R.B. (DD; at archeol. site, Palawan)
		1974	Higueras & Martin-Meras (DD; account of Alzina, 1668)
x		1977	Jueco, N.L. (DD; nematode Paradujardinia; 257-262.)
x		1978	Kasuya & Nishiwaki (DD; Luzon; 301-302.)
x		1979	Kamiya et al. (DD; Luzon; organ weights; 129-131.)
x		1980	Kataoka & Asano (DD from Luzon; in capt., Japan; m269.)
x		1981a	Blair, D. (DD; parasitic flukes; 15.)
x		1981	Kataoka & Asano (DD from Luzon; in capt., Japan; m199.)
x		1981	Sprent, J.F.A. (DD; nematode Paradujardinia; 310.)
		1985	Jamir, N.C. (DD; southern Mindanao)
		1990	Bautista, A.P. (DD; at archeol. site, Agusan del Norte)
		1992	Leatherwood et al. (DD; Palawan)
x	*	1994	Aragones, L.V. (DD; Calauit, Is., Palawan; use of seagrass beds; 709-717.)
		1994	Fournier, R.C. (DD; pop. acc.)
	*	1995	Kataoka et al. (DD)
		1997	Alava & Yaptinchay (DD)
		1998	Eduardo et al. (DD; parasites)
x		1998	Heaney, L.R. (DD; distr. & status; 53.)
		2010	Aragones et al. (DD; strandings, 1998-2009)
		2012	Aquino et al. (DD; Red List status; 144-150.)
		2012	Cayaban & Harrison (DD; Palawan)
	*	2012a	Hines, E. (DD; distribution, status, & conservation)
	*	2013	Fanti & Forti (indet. sir.; Oligo-Miocene, Palawan)
		2017	Mizuno et al. (DD; feeding trails)

Phoca manatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Brisson, 1762 ( 2 )
	*	1756	Brisson, M.J. (n.comb.)
x		1934	Hatt, R.T. (syn. of Trichechus senegalensis in part; 537.)

Phycoceta Haeckel, 1866 ( 1 )
		*	1866	Haeckel, E.

Phylogeny and Affinities of the Sirenia and/or Desmostylia ( 199 )
(SEE ALSO under species)
x		*	1809a	Cuvier, G. (history of opinions on sir. affinities; 274-278.)
x			1816	Blainville, H.M.D. de (sirs. classified as ungulates; "109" = 117.)
x			1825a	Harlan, R. (sirs. considered cetaceans; 274-275.)
			1836	Blainville, H.M.D. de
x			1837	Robert, C. (Trichechus related to Deinotherium; m471.)
x			1838a	Owen, R. (sirs. considered not cetaceans but closer to pachyderms; 44-45.)
x			1846	Gervais, F.L.P. (sirs. considered ungulates & related to proboscideans; 250-251.)
x			1849	Agassiz, L. (sirs. considered pachyderms; 209.)
x			1850	Kneeland, S., Jr. (sirs. considered pachyderms; 42-47.)
x			1864	Dana, J.D. (sirs. considered a separate group; 160-161, 163, 168-169, 175, 183.)
		*	1868a	Brandt, J.F.
x			1872a	Murie, J. (sirs. intermediate between cetaceans & proboscideans; 189-191.)
x		*	1873	Gill, T. (sirs. considered close to Cetacea; 262-273.)
x			1875b	Owen, R. (sirs. considered related to ungulates; 566-567.)
x		*	1875	Wilder, B.G. (review; sirs. considered ungulates; 107-113.)
x			1876	Chapman, H.C. (sirs. considered a separate order; 452.)
			1882	Lepsius, G.R.
x			1884	Flower, W.H. (sirs. considered an isolated order; 181.)
x			1887	Flot, L. (supposed descent of Recent sirs. from Olig. forms; 136-138.)
x			1889	Lefèvre, T. (supposed descent of all Recent sirs. from Belgian Olig. forms; 199-200.)
x			1892	Lydekker, R. (sirs. derived from artiodactyls; 82.)
			1895	Haeckel, E.
x			1897	Broom, R. (organ of Jacobson & sir. classification; m252.)
			1897	Sclater, P.L. (continental drift & manatees)
x	D		1902a	Osborn, H.F. (Desmostylus considered either proboscidean or sir.; 713.)
x			1902b	Osborn, H.F. (Eosiren; 715.)
x	D		1902	Yoshiwara & Iwasaki (Desmostylus considered a proboscidean; 1-13.)
x			1905	Mitchell, P.C. (intestinal tract; sirs. considered linked to hyraces & proboscideans only by primitive characters; 533.)
x	D		1906	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus considered a sir.; 152.)
x			1910	Woodward, A.S. (sir. evolution; 470.)
x	D		1911	Merriam, J.C. (Desmostylus considered a sir.; 412.)
x			1914	Depéret, C. (Felsinotherium; 1860-1862.)
x			1915	Broom, R. (organ of Jacobson & sir. classification; m162.)
x	D		1915	Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus placed in separate family of sirs.; 384-385.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (Moeritherium & proboscideans; sir. lineages; 26-27.)
			1917	Kaudern, W.
			1918b	Aichel, O.
x	D		1923a	Hay, O.P. (Desmostylus placed in separate suborder of sirs.; 107-109.)
x	D		1924	Andrews, C.W. (desmostylians considered sirs. & close to proboscideans; 304-309.)
	D		1924	Kishida, K.
	D		1924	Winge, H.
	D		1927	Honda, A. (Desmostylus considered a monotreme)
x	D		1929b	Simpson, G.G. (Desmostylus not considered a monotreme; 12-13.)
x		*	1932a	Simpson, G.G. (phylogeny of sirs., 470-492; affinities of sirs., history of study, 492-496.)
x	D		1932c	Simpson, G.G. (classification of sirs., 281-282; Desmostylus, m292.)
	D		1933	Kishida, K. (Desmostylus considered a multituberculate)
x			1935b	Wislocki, G.B. (placentation; sirs. considered related to proboscideans & hyraces; 173-177.)
			1936	Kellogg, R.
x	D		1939c	Ijiri, S. (Desmostylus considered an ungulate sensu lato; 138.)
x		*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (sir. classification & evolution; 149-156, pl. 6.)
x			1941	Pycraft, W.P. (Sirenia; pop. acc.; 328.)
x			1941a	VanderHoof, V.L. (Metaxytherium, Hydrodamalis; 1985.)
x			1943	Heuvelmans, B. (sirs. considered related to proboscideans & hippos; 12-13.)
x	D	*	1945	Simpson, G.G. (classification of sirs. & desmostylians; 135-136, 214, 240, 251-252.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (Trichechidae; 209-211.)
x			1953	Pascual, R. (Ribodon; 168-170, 177-180.)
	D		1954	Sera, G.L.
x			1959a	Engel, S. (dugong lung structure considered most primitive among mammals; 102-104, 106, 111-114.)
	D	*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (Sirenia & Desmostylia)
x			1965	Kilmer, F.H. (Halianassa allisoni; 69-70, 72.)
x			1968	Lemire, M. (digestive organs; relationships to proboscideans, 496-497, 511, 513-514; relationships of manatees & dugongs, 515-516.)
x	D		1968	Romer, A.S. (ordinal status of Desmostylia; 201.)
x		*	1970	Loughman et al. (chromosomes; sirs. considered distantly related to elephants; 152.)
			1971	Tobien, H.
x			1973	Pinto da Silveira, E.K. (subungulates derived from periptychid condylarths; 131-140.)
	D		1974	Gabuniya & Vekua
			1974	Perry, J.S.
		*	1975	McKenna, M.C. (cladistic classification of Mammalia)
x	D		1976	Minkoff, E.A. (desmostylians considered amblypods, not paenungulates; 151-154.)
x			1977	Petter, A.J. (origin & radiation of ascaridoid nematodes in sirs.; 151, 153-155.)
x			1977	Sarich, V.M. (manatee considered related to elephant & hyrax; 100.)
		*	1977	Savage, R.J.G. (cladistic analysis of Sirenia)
x		*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (N. Pacific sirs.; 1-5, 11-12, 72-74, 100-101, 139-146.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (sir. phylogeny; 573-581.)
x			1978	Shoshani et al. (Paenungulata; cladistic analysis; 601.)
x			1979	Tassy, P. (Moeritherium considered closer to Proboscidea than to Sirenia; 85-88.)
x			1980	De Jong & Zweers (eye-lens proteins; TI considered close to Proboscidea & Hyracoidea; 897-902.)
			1980	De Jong, W.W.
x			1980	Sahni & Kumar (Ishatherium considered close to Moeritherium; 132-135.)
x			1980	West, R.M. (Anthracobune comp. w/ primitive sirs.; 520.)
			1981	De Jong et al.
			1981	Hoffstetter, R.
			1981	Lowenstein et al. (albumin systematics)
			1981	Shoshani et al.
x			1982	De Jong & Goodman (eye-lens proteins; TI considered close to Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, & Tubulidentata; 261-269, 273.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (dental formulae; sirs. & other eutherians; 59-60.)
x			1982	Novacek, M.J. (sirs. considered closest to proboscideans & hyraces; 13, 25-28, 35.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Channells (reproductive biology of sirs. similar to proboscideans; 764.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Glover (position of testicles, etc., of sirs. similar to proboscideans & hyraces; 738-740.)
x			1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (trichechid-dugongid separation ?30 million years old; 781.)
x		*	1984	Rainey et al. (molecular systematics of sirs.; 586-588.)
x			1985a	Domning, D.P. (European Halitherium & Metaxytherium; biochronological utility; 183.)
x			1985	Lowenstein, J.M. (immunological distances; sir. & paenungulate phylogenies; 543-544.)
x			1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (tubulidentates not considered close to sirs. or other ungulates; 278-280.)
x			1986	Domning & Hayek (Trichechidae; cladistic analysis; 132-136.)
x	D	*	1986	Domning et al. (Behemotops & other Tethytheria; 31-47.)
			1986	Fischer, M.S.
			1986	Kleinschmidt et al. (hemoglobin sequences)
x			1986	Miyamoto & Goodman (protein sequences; sirs. considered closest to Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, & Tubulidentata; 230-240.)
	D		1986a	Novacek & Wyss
			1986b	Novacek & Wyss
			1986	Novacek, M.J.
x			1986	Shoshani et al. (immunology; TM considered close to proboscideans; 431-436.)
x	D		1986	Shoshani, J. (cladistic analysis; Sirenia & Desmostylia considered sister groups; 222-242.)
x	D		1987	McKenna, M.C. (tethytheres considered a natural group, possibly a Cretaceous branch of Eutheria; 61-63, 70-71, 79-82.)
	D		1987	Novacek & Wyss
x			1987	Wyss et al. (sirs. considered close to Hyracoidea & Proboscidea; 104-107, 113.)
x			1988	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium; 417-418.)
x	D		1988	Janis, C.M. (tethytherian phylogeny; 292-295.)
x			1988	Kleinschmidt et al. (hemoglobin; Sirenia, Proboscidea, & Hyracoidea considered to form a monophyletic clade; 509, 511.)
			1988	Novacek et al.
			1988	Tassy & Shoshani
x			1989c	Domning, D.P. (Rytiodontinae; cladistic analysis; 424-426.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (Rytiodontinae; 435.)
			1989	Novacek, M.J.
x			1990	Court, N. (periotic characters in tethytheres; 170-182.)
			1990	Czelusniak et al.
x	D		1990	Gingerich et al. (astragalar characters in Proboscidea & Desmostylia; 76.)
			1990	Novacek, M.J.
			1990	Fischer, M.S. (TM; ear region; affinities with elephants)
x	D	*	1991	Clark, J.M. (Paleoparadoxia weltoni & other desmostylians; cladistic analysis; 490-494, 502-505.)
x			1991	Court & Jaeger (periotic characters in Proboscidea & Sirenia; 559-565.)
			1991	Fischer, M.S.
x	D		1991	Kumar, K. (anthracobunids comp. w/ sirs. & desmostylians; 234-238.)
			1991	Ohnishi, K. (sirs. related to proboscideans, hyracoids, & tubulidentates)
x			1992	McKenna, M.C. (eye-lens proteins; sirs. closest to hyracoids, tubulidentates, & proboscideans; 350, 354-355, 357.))
x	D		1992	Novacek, M.J. (Tethytheria a well-supported group; 59-69.)
x	D		1992	Thewissen & Domning (Sirenia & Desmostylia included in Pantomesaxonia = sister group of phenacodontids; 494-504.)
			1993	Barriel et al.
x			1993	Bradley et al. (TML; cytochrome b DNA sequence; similarities to elephant; 197-202.)
x	D		1993	Fischer & Tassy (Desmostylia considered sister-group of Sirenia + Proboscidea + Embrithopoda; 217-234.)
x			1993	Shoshani, J. (myology supports monophyly of Tethytheria and Paenungulata; 235-256.)
			1993	Springer & Kirsch (mtDNA sequences; paenungulate monophyly supported)
			1993	Springer & Kirsch
			1994	Court, N.
		*	1994b	Domning, D.P. (cladistic analysis of Sirenia)
			1994	Irwin & Arnason (mtDNA sequences & tethythere phylogeny)
x			1994	Johnson et al. (brain traits; 319-347.)
x			1996	Lavergne et al. (mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences; paenungulate monophyly supported; 245-258.)
x			1996	Reynolds & Rommel (gastrointestinal tract; sirs. considered similar to proboscideans & hyracoids; 556-557.)
x			1997	Bajpai & Domning (Dugonginae; cladistic analysis; 224-226.)
			1997	Dermastia, M.
x			1997b	Domning, D.P. (Dugonginae; cladistic analysis; 409-411.)
			1997	Graur et al.
x			1997	Ozawa et al. (mtDNA sequences & tethythere phylogeny; 406-413.)
x			1997	Springer et al. (DNA sequences; paenungulate monophyly supported; 61-64.)
x			1998	De Jong, W.W. (molecular evidence; paenungulate monophyly supported; 270-275.)
x	D		1998	Kondrashov, P.E. (cranial & mandibular characters; paenungulate monophyly supported; 418-428.)
			1998	Shoshani & McKenna
			1998	Stanhope et al.
			1999	Amrine & Springer
			1999	Gaeth et al.
			1999	Liu & Miyamoto
			2000	Gregor et al. (deinotheres considered closely related to sirs.)
	D		2000e	Inuzuka, N. (Desmostylia used to demonstrate simple cladistic analysis)
			2001	Langer, P.
			2001	Greenwood et al..
			2001	Greenwood et al. (endogenous retrovirus-like elements)
			2001	Langer, P. (digestive tract)
			2002	Malia et al.
			2002	Corneli, P.S. (DD; mitochondrial genome; Afrotheria not supported)
			2002	Malia et al. (growth hormone receptor gene)
			2003	Joger et al. (genetics, comp. w/ Mammuthus)
			2003	Nikaido et al.
			2003	Asher et al. (Afrotheria relationships)
			2004	Springer et al.
	D	*	2005	Gheerbrant et al. (relationships of Paenungulata)
			2007	Pardini et al. (chromosome painting; support for Paenungulata but not Tethytheria)
		*	2007	Bininda-Emonds et al. (Estimated time of origin of Sirenia.)
	D		2007	Hasegawa, Y. (studies of desmostylian evolution & locomotion)
			2007	Tabuce et al. (Phylogeny of Afrotheria clade)
			2007	Kellogg et al. (TML; chromosome painting supports Afrotheria & Paenungulata)
			2007	Seiffert, E.R.
			2007	Sanchez-V. et al. (vertebral number; synapomorphy of Afrotheria)
			2008	Asher & Lehmann
x			2009	Meredith et al. (DD; enamelin gene not degenerate; 3.)
			2010	Poulakakis & Stamatakis (Afrotheria; genes & rare genomic changes)
			2010	Hagey et al. (bile salts support Paenungulata)
		*	2010	Asher & Seiffert (Afrotherian relationships)
			2011	Kuntner et al. (Afrotheria; phylogeny & conservation)
			2012	Svartman & Stanyon (chromosomes of Afrotheria)
		*	2012	Vélez-Juarbe et al. (cladistic analysis)
		*	2013	O'Leary et al. (Sirenia placed in context of other placental orders; 663-664 + supplemental material.)
		*	2013	Benoit et al. (cladogram of 8 fossil & Recent sir. taxa, based on endocranial morphology.)
		*	2013	Benoit et al. (new primitive sir.; Eoc., Tunisia; ear region, comp. w/ Prorastomus sirenoides)
			2013a	Diedrich, C.G. (?polyphyly of sirs.)
	D		2014	Cooper et al.
x			2014-15	Winsor, M.P. (in imaginary dialogue between Strickland and Darwin on affinity; m75-76, m125, m181.)
	D	*	2015	Chiba et al. (Desmostylidae: Ounalashkastylus tomidai, n.gen.n.sp., Olig.-Mioc., Alaska; cf. Vanderhoofius sp., Middle Mioc., Hokkaido)
	D	*	2015	Beatty & Cockburn (Behemotopsidae)
		*	2015	Springer et al. (molecular & morphological phylogeny)
		*	2019	Plön et al. (DD, HG; mtDNA phylogeography & sir. phylogeny)
			2019	Sharko et al. (HG; molecular phylogeny; mitochondrial genome)
		*	2019	Lima et al. (TI x TM hybridization)
		*	2019	Vilaça & Santos (TML, comp. w/other Trichechus; mitochondrial genome)
		*	2021	Souza et al. (Trichechidae; mitogenomes; evolutionary history)
	D		2021	Avilla & Mothé (in phylogenetic analysis of Afrotheria)
			2021	Sharko et al. (HG; nuclear genome)
		*	2022	Heritage & Seiffert (Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for sir. evolution)

Physiology: SEE Biochemistry; Endocrinology; Respiration and Diving; Thermoregulation; and under organ systems ( 1 )
		*	2020	Maduro et al. (TI, in capt.; fed with mothers' milk; metabolism)

Phytophaga "F. Cuvier" [Todd], 1836 ( 2 )
	*	1835-36	Cuvier, F. (new tribe [= Sirenia], presumably authored by editor Robert B. Todd and not Cuvier)
		1998	Rice, D.W. (m127.)

Platystomus dugong (Gmelin, 1788) Fischer von Waldheim, 1803 ( 1 )
		*	1803	Fischer v. Waldheim, G. (n.comb.)

Platystomus Fischer von Waldheim, 1803 (non Platystoma Meigen, 1803 [Insecta]) ( 3 )
	*	1803	Fischer v. Waldheim, G. (n.gen.)
x		1872a	Gill, T. (syn. of Halicore; m92.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Dugong; m578.)

Pleistocene ( 52 )
x			1833	Shepard, C.U. (Trichechus; ?Pleist., Florida; 164.)
x			1846	Allen, J.H. (Manatus; ?Pleist., Florida; 41.)
x			1868	Cope, E.D. (Manatus; "postpliocene", Maryland; m138.)
x			1884	De Vis, C.W. (Chronozoon Australe, n.gen.n.sp.; ?Plio-Pleist., Queensland; 395.)
x			1885a	Woodward, H. (HG; Bering Is.; 457-458.)
x			1897	Etheridge et al. (DD; ?Pleist., Sydney, Australia; 170-174, 178-180, pls. 8-11.)
x			1916	Sellards, E.H. (TM; Florida; 104.)
x			1919	Hay, O.P. ("Trichechus antiquus?"; Florida; 109.)
x	D		1927	Pfizenmayer, E.W. (Desmostylus Wollosowitschi, n.sp.; ?Pleist., New Siberian Islands; 492-496.)
x			1929a	Simpson, G.G. (Trichechus; Florida; 564.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (Trichechus; Florida; 419-424, 470.)
x			1939	Gut, H.J. (Trichechus; Florida; 50-53.)
x			1956	Paula Couto, C. de (Trichechus sp.; ?Pleist., Acre, Brazil; 5, 79, 95, 107.)
x			1960	Funderburg, J.B. (Trichechus; North Carolina; 521.)
x			1965	Long, A. (HG; Monterey Bay, California; carbon-14 date; 254.)
x			1967	Jones, R.E. (HG; Monterey Bay, California; carbon-14 date; 143.)
x			1967a	Paula Couto, C. de (sirs.; ?Pleist., Acre, Brazil; m22, m26.)
x			1971	Gard & Szabo (HG; Amchitka Is., Alaska; 577.)
x			1972	Gard et al. (HG; Amchitka Is., Alaska; 867-868.)
x			1974	Addicott & Greene (HG; Monterey Bay, California; zoogeographic significance; 251-252.)
x			1974	Webb, S.D. (TM; Florida; 18.)
x		*	1975	Szabo & Gard (HG; Amchitka Is., Alaska; uranium-series dates; 457-459.)
x			1976	Webb, S.D. (Trichechus; Florida; 221, 223, 226.)
x		*	1977	Whitmore & Gard (HG; Amchitka Is., Alaska; 1-8, 18.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (HG; N. Pacific; 102-106, 161-162.)
x			1980	Kurtén & Anderson (HG, TM; North America; 340-342.)
			1980	Roth & Laerm (South Carolina)
x			1981	Simpson & Paula Couto (Trichechus; Acre, Brazil; 48-49, 69.)
x			1982b	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus sp.; Brazil, 603-604; Florida, 604-605; Louisiana, 605.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (TM; Waccasassa R., Florida; m18.)
x			1982	Molnar, R.E. (Halicore brevirostre; ?Pleist., Papua New Guinea; 676, 679.)
x			1983	Kimura et al. (Hydrodamalis sp.; Hokkaido, Japan; 162-177, pls. 1-4.)
x			1983	Wilkins, K.T. (TM; Florida; 70, 76-77, 79.)
			1984	Anderson, E.
x			1984b	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus; Maryland; 5.)
x			1986	Domning & Hayek (Trichechus; South Carolina; m136.)
x			1988	Boekschoten & Best (Trichechus; dispersal to Africa; 110-111.)
x			1989	Gallagher et al. (Trichechus sp.; New Jersey; 107-108.)
x			1989	Hulbert & Morgan (TM; Early Pleist., Florida; 11.)
x			1992	Jefferson et al. (Hydrodamalis sp.; Late Pleist., California; 29.)
			1992	Pirika Sirenia Research Group (Hydrodamalis sp.; Pleist., Hokkaido)
x			1992	Whybrow, P. (indeterminate sir.; ?Pleist., Abu Dhabi; 20.)
			1994	Furusawa & Kohno (HG; Middle Pleist., Japan)
			1995	Furusawa & Kimura (Hydrodamalis sp.; Early Pleist., Hokkaido)
			1999	Nojo et al. (Hydrodamalis ?gigas; Hokkaido, Japan)
x			2004	Williams & Domning (TM; ?Pleist., Arkansas, Ohio; 167-176.)
		*	2005	Domning, D.P. (Trichechus manatus bakerorum, n.subsp.)
			2007	Kohno et al. (Hydrodamalis sp.; Lower Pleist.; Tokyo, Japan)
			2018	Domning, D.P. (TM; Calvert Cliffs, Maryland; 242, 260.)
		*	2020	Perini et al. (Trichechus hesperamazonicus, n.sp.; Brazil)
		*	2020	Bell et al. (TM & TM bakerorum; Texas)
			2022	Pyenson et al. (cf. DD; Qatar)

Pliocene ( 50 )
x			1838	Serres, M. de (Manatus, Halicore medius; Montpellier, France; 285-286.)
x			1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (Halitherium serresii; France; 209-211, 221.)
x			1877	Lawley, R. (Felsinotherium Forestii; Italy; 341-342.)
x			1883	Ameghino, F. (Ribodon limbato, n.gen.n.sp.; Argentina; 112-113.)
x			1884	De Vis, C.W. (Chronozoon Australe, n.gen.n.sp.; ?Plio-Pleist., Queensland; 395.)
x			1886	Portis, E. (Felsinotherium subappeninum, F. Gastaldii; Italy; 356-360.)
x	D		1888	Marsh, O.C. (Desmostylus hesperus, n.gen.n.sp.; [actually Mioc.] California; 94-96.)
x			1912	Issel, A. (Felsinotherium subapenninum; Italy; 119.)
x			1914	Depéret, C. (Felsinotherium Serresi; Montpellier, France; 1858-1862.)
x			1922a	Hay, O.P. (Metaxytherium floridanum, n.sp.; ?Plioc. [actually Mioc.], Florida; 3.)
x			1923a	Allen, G.M. (Metaxytherium floridanum; ?Plioc. [actually Mioc.], Florida; 231-238.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (Felsinotherium ossivallense; [actually Mioc.] Florida; 445-446, 469, 499.)
x			1953	Pascual, R. (Ribodon; Mioc.-Plioc., Argentina; 163-167.)
x			1954	Ennouchi, E. (Felsinotherium cf. serresi; Morocco; 77.)
x			1970	Shikama & Domning (Hydrodamalis sp.; Late Plioc., Honshu, Japan; 390-396.)
x			1971a	Domning, D.P. (sirs. & stratigraphic correlation; western North America; 110-111.)
x			1971b	Domning, D.P. (hydrodamaline evolution; 217-220.)
x			1973	Tekkaya, I. ("Halitherium (Metaxytherium) sp."; Upper Mioc. or Lower Plioc., Turkey; m118.)
x			1974	Fondi & Pacini (Metaxytherium forestii; Italy; 37, 47.)
			1974	James & Slaughter (indeterminate sir.; Egypt)
x		*	1978b	Domning, D.P. (Dusisiren sp., Hydrodamalis cuestae, n.gen.n.sp.; N. Pacific; 102-107, 157-161.)
x			1979	Boaz et al. (Metaxytherium; Libya; 137-139.)
x			1982	Azzaroli et al. (Felsinotherium gervaisi; Italy; 56, 58.)
x			1982	Boaz & Cramer (Metaxytherium; Sahabi, Libya; pop. acc.; 37, 40-41.)
x			1982b	Domning, D.P. (Ribodon, North Carolina; Trichechus, Florida; 604.)
x			1982c	Domning, D.P. (Metaxytherium serresii; Sahabi, Libya; 29-32.)
x			1984	Domning & Deméré (Hydrodamalis cuestae; California; 169-188.)
x			1985	Muizon & Domning (indeterminate sir.; Peru; 206-207, 210.)
x			1987	Canocchi, D. (Metaxytherium gervaisi; Early Plioc., Italy; 497-513.)
x		*	1987	Domning & Thomas (Metaxytherium forestii, Italy, 208, 220-221; M. serresii, Libya & France, 209-230.)
x			1989d	Domning, D.P. (Xenosiren yucateca, n.gen.n.sp.; ?Plioc., Mexico; 430.)
x			1990b	Domning, D.P. (Corystosiren varguezi, n.gen.n.sp.; Mexico, Florida; 362.)
x			1992	Pledge, N. (?Dugong; Early Plioc., South Australia; 6.)
x			1993	Deméré, T.A. (indet. sir.; Late Mioc.-Early Plioc., California; 84.)
			1995	Furusawa & Kimura (Hydrodamalis spissa; Early Plioc., Hokkaido)
x			1996	Morgan & Portell (indeterminate sirs.; Brevard County, Florida; ?Late Plioc.; m11.)
			1998	Nagasawa & Kobayashi (Hydrodamalis sp.; Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)
			1998	Sendra et al. (Almería, Spain)
x			1998	Estevens, M. (Portugal; geographic & stratigraphic distr.; A161-A164.)
			1999	Sendra et al. (Metaxytherium serresii; Spain)
			2001	Bianucci et al. (Val di Pugna, Italy)
x			2004	Missimer & Tobias. (cf. Dugongidae; Late Plioc., Florida; m62.)
x		*	2006	Pledge, N.S. ("Dugonginae incertae sedis"; Early Plioc., South Australia; 295-305.)
			2007	Sorbi & Vaiani (Metaxytherium cf. subapenninum; Early Plioc.; Italy)
		*	2008a	Domning & Aguilera (Nanosiren garciae, n.gen.n.sp., Early Plioc., Florida)
			2008	Myoken Research Group (Hydrodamalis sp.; Late Plioc.; Nagaoka, Japan)
		*	2012	Sorbi et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Italy & Spain)
			2012	Tinelli et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; Italy; ground-penetrating radar)
x			2018	Dominici et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum, Italy, taphonomy, 7-8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24.)
x			2019	Bianucci et al. (Metaxytherium subapenninum; lower Pliocene, Italy; 2, 6-8.)

Pollution, Effects of ( 80 )
(SEE ALSO: Temperature, Effects of)
x		1972a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; industrial & pesticide pollution, dredging; 21.)
x		1974a	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; 218-220.)
x		1974	Mondolfi, E. (TMM; Venezuela; possible harmful effects; m17.)
x		1975	Forrester et al. (TML; Florida; pesticide residues; 567-568.)
x		1976	Gallagher, M.D. (DD; Bahrain; possible deaths from oil pollution, seismic surveys, etc.; 211.)
x		1976	Heinsohn & Wake (DD; Australia; sandmining; 15-18.)
x		1977	Heinsohn et al. (Australia; seagrass beds; 244-245.)
x		1977	O'Keefe, M.T. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; pop. acc.; pollution considered beneficial; 67.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Florida; arsenic in tissues, 124; ?bloat, 124-125.)
x		1979	Miyazaki et al. (DD; Sulawesi; metals & organochlorines in tissues; 125-128.)
x	*	1980	Denton et al. (DD; Queensland; heavy metal content of tissues; 201-219.)
x		1981	Denton & Breck (DD; Queensland; mercury in tissues; 119-120.)
x		1981a	Denton, G.R.W. (DD; Queensland; diet & heavy metal status; 169-174.)
x		1981b	Denton, G.R.W. (DD; tissue sampling procedures; 239.)
x		1983a	Anon. (DD; Persian Gulf; oil spill; 180.)
x		1983	Begley et al. (DD; Persian Gulf; Nowruz oil spill; 79.)
x		1983	Buergelt & Bonde (TML; Florida; toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis, possibly from sewer water; 1295.)
x		1983b	Gluckman, D. (Florida; laws relevant to water quality; 253-273.)
x		1983	O'Shea, T.J. (potential hazards of 3 aquatic herbicides; 159-173.)
x		1983	Tiedemann, J.A. (TML; Turkey Creek, Florida; pesticide 2,4-D; 7.)
x	*	1984	O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; contaminant concentrations; 741-748.)
x		1986c	Anon. (DD; Persian Gulf; not exterminated by oil spill; 25.)
x		1986	Colmenero-R. & Hoz-Z. (TM; Mexico; water pollution; 970, 973.)
x		1988	Carowan, G. (TML; Florida; ?chemical burns; m5.)
		1989	Lee & Socci (TML; North Carolina; potential oil spills)
x		1989a	Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; heavy metals in tissues; 82.)
x	*	1989	Preen et al. (DD; Arabian region; recommendations regarding oil pollution; 1-13, 17-19, 25-27.)
x	*	1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; oil, 6, 51, 53, 69, 83, 90, 119, 122-125; other pollutants, 125-126.)
	*	1990	St. Aubin & Lounsbury (TM; risks from oil)
x		1991	Beck & Barros (TML; Florida; impact of debris; 508-510.)
		1991a	Kamiya, T. (DD; effects of Persian Gulf war)
x		1991	O'Shea et al. (TML; southwestern Florida; heavy metals in tissues; 171-172.)
		1994	Dight & Gladstone (DD; Torres Strait)
x		1994	Kemper et al. (DD; Australia; heavy metals, organochlorines; 129-139.)
x		1994	Rosas, F.C.W. (TI, Brazil; risk from mercury pollution; 56.)
x		1995	Reynolds et al. (TMM, Costa Rica; pesticides, plastic bags, noise; 194.)
		1995	Richardson et al. (noise)
x	*	1996	Ames & Van Vleet (TML, Florida; organochlorine residues; 374-377.)
x		1996	Trocine & Trefry (Indian River Lagoon, Florida; metal concentrations; 754-759.)
x		1997	Edmonds et al. (DD; Western Australia; elemental composition of tusk; 203-214.)
		1998	Muller et al. (Great Barrier Reef, Australia)
		1998	Noreno-B. et al. (Chetumal Bay, Mexico)
		1999	Haynes et al. (DD; Australia)
x		1999	Smethurst & Nietschmann (TMM; Costa Rica; sedimentation, pesticides, gasoline, noise; 271-272.)
		1999	O'Shea, T.J.
		2000	Morgan et al. (DD; Australia; Cryptosporidium parvum from sewage)
		2001	McLachlan et al. (DD; Australia; PCDDs)
		2001	Gaus et al. (PCDDs)
		2001	Kubota et al. (arsenic in liver tissue)
		2001	Gaus et al. (PCDDs)
		2001	Kubota et al. (arsenic, in liver)
		2001	McLachlan et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef, Australia; PCDDs; 129-134.)
		2001	O'Shea & Aguilar (toxicology)
		2001	Vetter et al. (northeastern Australia; organohalogens)
		2002	Kubota et al. (arsenic)
		2002	Schaffelke et al. (DD; Great Barrier Reef, Australia; water quality)
		2002	Senthil-Kumar et al. (DD; Thailand; dioxins/furans & PCBs)
	*	2003	O'Shea, T.J. (toxicology)
		2003	Garcia-Rios & Gold-Bouchot (Bahia de Chetumal, Mexico; trace metals)
		2003	Kumar et al. (DD; Thailand; dioxins/furans & PCBs)
		2007	Harino et al. (DD; Thailand; organotin compounds)
		2008	Hermanussen et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; PBDEs)
		2008	Stavros et al. (TML; trace elements in blood & skin)
		2008	Takahashi et al. (DD; Moreton Bay, Australia; okadaic acid)
		2010	Bouchon et al. (Guadeloupe; metallic trace elements and organic molecules in seagrass beds.)
		2010	Wetzel et al. (TML; fatty acid biomarkers for brevetoxin exposure)
		2011	Gaul et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; organobromine compounds)
	*	2011	Campagna et al. (TM; Gulf of Mexico; oil spill)
		2011	Auil Gomez, N. E. (TMM; Belize)
		2012	Guterres-Pazin et al. (TI; ingestion of invertebrates, seeds, and plastic)
		2012	Reynolds & Marshall (physical traits, life history, & vulnerability of sirs.)
	*	2012	Wetzel et al. (Organic contaminants)
		2013	Capper et al. (TML; Florida; algal bloom toxins)
		2014	Mojica-F. et al. (TM; Santander, Colombia; water quality of preferred sites)
		2016	Romero-Calderon et al. (TMM; Mexico; metals in bone tissue)
		2016	Takeuchi et al. (TM; Florida, Belize; trace metals)
		2016	Bouchon et al. (Guadeloupe; metallic trace elements & organic molecules in seagrass beds.)
		2017	Owen et al. (marine debris & fisheries)
	*	2019	Palmer et al. (TM; Florida, Puerto Rico; PFAS in plasma)
	*	2021	De María et al. (TML; Florida; glyphosate)

Pontotherium Kaup, 1840 ( 5 )
x	*	1840	Kaup, J.J. (proposed as replacement name for Cheirotherium Bruno; 676.)
x		1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 92.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m481.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Metaxytherium; m577.)
x		1987	Domning & Thomas (syn. of Metaxytherium; 208-209.)

Population Biology ( 85 )
(SEE ALSO: Aerial Surveys of Distribution; Age Determination; Birth and Breeding)
x		1974b	Dekker, D. (TMM; Suriname; 14:1 sex ratio among 15 animals caught; 3.)
x		1978	Heinsohn et al. (DD; Australia; proportion of calves in local population; 91.)
x		1978	Irvine & Campbell (TML; Florida; proportion of young calves in population; 615-616.)
x		1979	Hartman, D.S. (TML; Crystal R., Florida; population size, composition, & reproduction, 15-17, 26; population dynamics, 120-125.)
x		1980	Lal Mohan, R.S. (DD; India; sex ratio; 392-397.)
x		1981	Brownell, Ralls & Reeves (TML; Florida; review & research needs; 3-5.)
x		1981b	Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Blue Lagoon, Miami, Florida; 435-436, 441-442.)
x		1982	Eberhardt, L.L. (TML; Florida; censusing methods; 1-18.)
x		1983a	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; northeastern Florida; proportion of calves in population & population size; 9, 11, 25, 27, 44-46, 49-50.)
x		1983c	Kinnaird, M.F. (TML; Florida; effect of boat kills; 33-35.)
x		1983	Packard & Nichols (TML; Florida; sample sizes required for mark-recovery studies; 1-14.)
x	*	1984	Marsh, Heinsohn & Marsh (DD; Australia; 767-788.)
x	*	1984	Packard, Frohlich et al. (TML; Florida; factors influencing indices of abundance; 1-63.)
x	*	1985b	Packard, J.M. (TML; population model; 1-19.)
x	*	1986a	Marsh, H. (DD; Torres Strait; population model; 64-73.)
x	*	1986	Packard et al. (TML; Florida; use of replicate counts to improve indices of trends in abundance; 265-275.)
x	*	1988a	O'Shea, T.J. (review of population estimates & methods; 184-186, 188-191.)
x		1989	Bayliss & Freeland (DD; Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia; hunting & sustainable yield; 146-147.)
x		1989a	Preen, A. (DD; Arabian region; estimated sustainable mortality; 129-130, 134.)
x		1991	Lefebvre & Kochman (TML; Florida; evaluation of replicate count methodology; 298-309.)
x		1991	Marsh & Saalfeld (DD; Torres Strait; sustainability of catch, 191-192.)
	*	1992	O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; interim report of workshop)
x		1993	Savinetsky, A.B. (HG; Bering Is.; 403-405.)
x		1994	Garrott et al. (TML; Florida; trends at aggregation sites; 642-654.)
x		1994	Reynolds & Wilcox (TML; Florida; declining proportion of calves; 169-171, 173-175.)
		1995	Eberhardt & O'Shea (TML; Florida)
		1995	Garrott et al. (TML; Florida; trends at aggregation sites; 34-55.)
		1995b	Marsh, H. (DD; life history & breeding pattern; 75-83.)
		1995	O'Shea & Ackerman (TML; Florida; overview; 280-287.)
x		1995	O'Shea & Langtimm (TML; Florida; adult survival; 194-222.)
	*	1995	O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; workshop report with 18 papers; vi + 289.)
x		1995	Preen & Marsh (DD; Queensland; projected population recovery after seagrass die-off; 518.)
		1995	Reynolds, J.E., III (TML; Florida)
		1996	Miller et al. (TML; Florida; aerial survey & aerophotogrammetry)
x		1997	Craig et al. (TML; Atlantic coast, Florida; population trends, 1982-92; 524-541.)
x	*	1997	Marmontel et al. (TML; Florida; population viability analysis, 1976-91; 467-481.)
x		1997	Marsh, H. (DD; Australia; gen. acc.; 50-57.)
x		1998	Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; adult survival probabilities; 981-997.)
x		1999	Eberhardt et al. (TML; Florida; use of population trend indices; 766-767, 770-774, 781-783.)
		1999	Bowen & Siniff
		2000	Flamm et al. (TML; Florida; life-stage structure)
		2001	Jackson et al. (DD, HG; overfishing)
x	*	2001	O'Shea et al. (TML; Florida; primer on concepts & uncertainties; 36-41.)
		2001	Marsh et al. (DD; Queensland; mortality in shark nets)
		2003	Kendall et al. (multistate capture-recapture models)
	*	2004	Kendall et al. (TML; Florida; estimating reproductive rates)
		2004	Langtimm et al. (TML; Florida; survival estimates from photo-identification)
		2004	Runge et al. (TML; Florida; stage-structured population model)
		2004	Craig & Reynolds (TML; Atlantic coast of Florida; model of population trends)
		2004	Goodman, D. (TML; population modeling methods)
		2004	Marsh et al. (DD; Torres Strait, Australia; fishery unsustainable)
	*	2004	Heinsohn, R., et al. (DD; Torres Strait & Cape York, Australia; population viability analyses)
		2005	Marsh et al. (DD; population estimates)
		2005	Cantanhede et al. (TI; phylogeography & population genetics)
		2005	Turvey & Risley (HG; modelling of extinction)
		2007	Grech & Marsh (DD; Australia; conservation; population model)
		2007a	Runge et al. (TML; core stochastic population projection model)
		2007b	Runge et al. (TML; quantitative threats analysis)
	*	2008	McNiven & Bedingfield (DD; Torres Strait; archaeological sites; hunting rates)
		2009	Schwarz & Runge (TM; estimation of age; body length; Bayesian analysis)
		2010	Lanyon et al. (DD; Queensland, Australia; molecular characterization of populations; skin sampling)
	*	2010	Hunter, Auil et al. (TMM; Belize; genetic diversity)
		2011	Martin et al. (TML; estimating abundance with a Bayesian approach)
		2011	Langtimm et al. (model to estimate manatee abundance)
	*	2011	Nourisson et al. (TMM; Mexico; genetic diversity)
		2012	Bonde et al. (TM; genetics; conservation)
		2012	Satizabal et al. (TI, TMM; South America; phylogeography)
		2012	Rosa de Oliveira et al. (South America; conservation, genetics, phylogeography)
		2012	LaCommare et al. (TMM; Belize; population monitoring)
		2012	Parr et al. (Sir. genetics & demography; population structure)
		2012	Castelblanco-M., Nourisson, et al. (TMM; population viability)
		2012	Tucker et al. (TML; Florida; low genetic diversity; population structure; conservation)
	*	2012b	Aragones et al. (boat- & land-based surveys of distribution)
		2013	D'Souza et al. (DD; Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago; occupancy trends)
		2014	Blair et al. (DD; Australia; Pleist. sea level & phylogeography)
	*	2016	Barros et al. (Trichechus spp.; cranial & chromosomal geographic variation)
	*	2017	Runge et al. (TML; status & threats analysis)
		2018	Hostetler et al. (TML; Florida; statewide abundance estimate)
		2019	Collazo et al. (TMM; Puerto Rico; aerial surveys & population estimates)
	*	2021	Souza et al. (TI; Central Amazon, Brazil; estimating occupancy and detection probability)
		2021	Ruano et al. (TI; Ecuador; population estimates)
	*	2021	Sharko et al. (HG; nuclear genome; pre-human impact)
	*	2021	Luna et al. (TMM, TI; Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela; genetics)
	*	2022	Le Duc et al. (HG; genetics, integument)
		2022	Lin et al. (DD; considered functionally extinct in China)

Portugal ( 11 )
x		1944	Zbyszewski, G. (Metaxytherium petersi; Mioc., Lisbon; 69-70.)
		1949	Zbyszewski, G. (Mioc., Lisbon)
		1954	Zbyszewski, G. (Mioc., Lisbon)
x		1959	Telles-Antunes, M.C.F. (Halitherium sp.; Mioc., Lisbon; 129-137.)
		1979	Telles-Antunes, M.C.F. (Metaxytherium medium)
		1984	Telles-Antunes, M.C.F. (Mioc.)
x	*	1998	Estevens, M. (Mioc.-Plioc.; geographic & stratigraphic distr.; A161-A164.)
x	*	2000	Estevens, M. (Mioc.; geographic & stratigraphic distr.; 323-334.)
		2003a	Estevens, M. (Portugal; Mioc.)
		2003b	Estevens, M. (Mioc.)
		2006	Estevens, M.

Potamosiren magdalenensis Reinhart, 1951 ( 9 )
x	*	1951	Reinhart, R.H. (n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc., Colombia; 203-207.)
x		1953	Pascual, R. (comp. w/ Ribodon; 178-179.)
x		1953	Stirton, R.A. (in faunal list; 614.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m66, m92.)
x		1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (comp. w/ Sirenotherium; 345-346, 350, 355-356.)
x	*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 600-603, 606-607, 609, 611-613, 616.)
x		1986	Frailey, C.D. (comp. w/ ?Ribodon; 34.)
x		1996	Cozzuol, M.A. (m328.)
x	*	1997a	Domning, D.P. (revision & new material; 383-391.)

Potamosiren Reinhart, 1951 ( 10 )
x	*	1951	Reinhart, R.H. (n.gen.; Mioc., Colombia; 203-211.)
x		1974	Savage, J.M. (significance for manatee zoogeography; 20, 26.)
		1977	Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I.
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (in phylogeny; 579.)
x	*	1982b	Domning, D.P. (Potamosiren sp.; Mioc., Colombia; 601-602, 606.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-379.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (in cladistic analysis of trichechids; 132-133.)
		2004	Linares, O.J. (Middle Mioc.; Urumaco, Venezuela)
x		2011	Gomes R. et al. (tooth replacement; m4.)
		2021	Souza et al. (evolutionary history)

Predators: Predators: SEE Natural Enemies ( 0 )

Priscosiren atlantica Vélez-Juarbe & Domning, 2014 ( 1 )
		*	2014b	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (n.gen.n.sp.; Early Olig., Puerto Rico & South Carolina)

Priscosiren Vélez-Juarbe & Domning, 2014 ( 1 )
		*	2014b	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (n.gen.; Early Olig., Puerto Rico & South Carolina)

Prohalicore dubaleni Flot, 1887 ( 2 )
x	*	1887	Flot, L. (n.gen.n.sp.; Mioc., France; 11, 134-135, pl. 1.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (m23.)

Prohalicore Flot, 1887 ( 4 )
x	*	1887	Flot, L. (n.gen.; Mioc., France; 11, 134-135, 137-138, pl. 1.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker (m223.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 473, 481, 499.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154-155.)

Prorastoma Lydekker, 1892 ( 3 )
x	*	1892	Lydekker, R. (unjustified emendation of Prorastomus Owen; 83.)
x		1942	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 1-5.)
x		1943	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 6, 8-11.)

Prorastoma veronense (de Zigno, 1875) Lydekker, 1892 ( 6 )
x	*	1892	Lydekker, R. (n.comb.; 77-83.)
		1898	Trouessart, E.L. ("Prorastomus veronensis")
x		1906	Abel, O. (dentition; 52.)
x		1907b	Arldt, T. ("P. veronensis"; biogeographic significance; 674.)
x		1923a	Allen, G.M. ("P. veronensis"; m232.)
x	*	1942	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; 1-5.)

Prorastomatidae Flower & Lydekker, 1891 ( 2 )
x	*	1891	Flower & Lydekker (unjustified emendation of Prorastomidae; 224.)
		1998	Rice, D.W. (explanation of transliteration; 151.)

Prorastomidae Cope, 1889 ( 11 )
	*	1889b	Cope, E.D. (n.fam.)
x		1889b	Dollo, L. (m421.)
x		1891	Flower & Lydekker ("Prorastomatidae", unjustified emendation; m224.)
x		1904	Case, E.C. (teeth; m57.)
x		1932c	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 281.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154, pl. 6.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135.)
		1998	Rice, D.W. (explanation of transliteration; 151.)
x		1998	Goodwin et al. (?prorastomid; Middle Eoc., Israel; 813-815.)
		2001	Portell et al. (Eoc., Jamaica)
	*	2012	Hautier et al. (Prorastomidae indet.; Middle Eoc., Senegal)

Prorastominae (Cope, 1889) Reinhart, 1959 ( 1 )
		*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (new subfamily; 5-6, 62-63.)

Prorastomus Owen, 1855 ( 43 )
x		*	1855	Owen, R. (n.gen.; Eoc., Jamaica; 541-543, pl. 15.)
			1869	Leidy, J.
x			1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 92.)
x			1883a	Cope, E.D. (comp. w/ Dioplotherium; 52.)
x			1885a	Woodward, H. (teeth, 465; m472.)
x			1886b	Hartlaub, C. (m376.)
x			1889b	Dollo, L. (comp. w/ Miosiren; 416, 418-419, 421.)
x			1902	Yoshiwara & Iwasaki (comp. w/ ungulates; m12.)
x			1904	Case, E.C. (m57.)
x	D		1915	Hay, O.P. (comp. w/ Desmostylus; 384-385, 391.)
x			1924	Andrews, C.W. (dentition; m306.)
x			1928	Prater, S.H. ("Porastomus"; m98.)
x			1930a	Simpson, G.G. (pop. acc.; 44.)
x			1941a	Heuvelmans, B. (dentition; m5, m8.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 153-154, 156.)
x			1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m104.)
x			1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
x			1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m208-209, 211.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (m65.)
x			1967	Browder, J. (m5.)
x			1968	Lemire, M. (m515.)
x			1969	Voorhies, M.R. (comp. w/ tooth from Georgia; m94.)
x			1974	Domning, D.P. (m7.)
x			1978b	Domning, D.P. (dental formula; m4, 73.)
x			1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 574-575, 579.)
x			1979	Tassy, P. (comp. w/ Moeritherium; 85-87.)
x			1980	West, R.M. (comp. w/ Anthracobune; 520, 531.)
x			1981d	Domning, D.P. (probable seagrass diet; 418.)
x			1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-380.)
x			1982	Sereno, P.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 7-9.)
x			1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (alisphenoid canal; m273.)
x			1986	Domning & Hayek (in cladistic analysis; 133.)
x			1986	Domning et al. (cladistic relationships; 36-37.)
x			1990	Court, N. (ear comp. w/ Arsinoitherium, etc.; 175-179.)
x			1990	O'Shea & Reep (body size; 539.)
x			1991	Court & Jaeger (inner ear; 562, 564-565.)
x			1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; m360.)
x			1996	Lavergne et al. (paenungulate relationships; m256.)
x			1997	Portell, R.W. (Jamaica; pop. acc.; 5-7.)
			1998	Rice, D.W. (explanation of transliteration; 151.)
x			1998	Kondrashov, P.E. (cranial & mandibular characters & phylogeny; 422-423.)
x			2000	Domning, D.P. (m118.)
x			2006	Averianov & Yarkov (comp. w/ enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia)

Prorastomus sirenoides Owen, 1855 ( 37 )
x		*	1855	Owen, R. (n.gen.n.sp.; Eoc., Jamaica; 541-543, pl. 15.)
x			1869	Leidy, J. (in synopsis; 414.)
x		*	1875b	Owen, R. (redescription; 559-567, pls. 28-29.)
x			1885a	Woodward, H. (m470.)
x			1887	Flot, L. (review; 136.)
x			1891	Flower & Lydekker (anatomy; 224.)
x			1892	Lydekker, R. (comp. w/ P. veronense; 82-83.)
x			1907b	Arldt, T. (biogeographic significance; 674.)
x			1916a	Matthew, W.D. (comp. w/ Halitherium antillense; 23-24, 26, 28.)
x			1923a	Allen, G.M. (m232.)
x			1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis; 409, 411.)
x			1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 422-423, 460, 470-472, 474, 491-492, 495-496, 499.)
x			1941	Kretzoi, M. (comp. w/ Sirenavus, 146-149; in classification, 151, 154.)
			1942	Kellogg, R.
x			1943	Kellogg, R. (m299.)
x			1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x			1966	Kellogg, R. (review & measurements; 65.)
x			1967b	Paula Couto, C. de (m346.)
x			1975	Savage, R.J.G. (restudy of holotype; 824.)
x			1977	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
			1977	Savage, R.J.G. (restudy of holotype)
x			1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 388-389, 396-397.)
x			1982b	Domning, D.P. (not closely related to trichechids; 599.)
x			1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 1-2, 4, 7, 35, 55, 59-63.)
x		*	1990	Donovan et al. (Middle Eoc., Jamaica; new specimen; 660-662.)
x			1992	Thewissen & Domning (character states; 495, 502.)
x			1993	Domning & Clark (Jamaica; 414.)
			1994	Court, N. (ear region)
		*	1994	Savage et al. (redescr.)
x			1996	Miller & Donovan (?P. sirenoides; Early Eoc., Jamaica; 38.)
x			2001c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Pezosiren portelli; 625-627.)
x			2001	Reed, C. (m8.)
			2013	O'Leary et al. (In phylogenetic context of other placental orders; in supplemental material.)
		*	2013	Benoit et al. (evolution of brain morphology; CT reconstruction of endocranial cast.)
		*	2013	Benoit et al. (ear region, CT scans; comp. w/ new primitive sir. from Eoc. of Tunisia)
	D		2014	Cooper et al.
			2015	Prothero, D.R. (gen. acc.)

Prorastomus veronensis: Prorastomus veronensis: SEE Prorastoma veronense ( 0 )

Protosiren Abel, 1907 ( 33 )
x		1906	Abel, O. (nomen nudum; tooth replacement; 51, 59.)
	*	1907a	Abel, O. (n.gen.)
x		1916a	Matthew, W.D. (m27.)
		1939	Edinger, T.
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 151, 154, pl. 6.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16-17, 21.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135.)
x		1951	Reinhart, R.H. (m209, 211.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m65.)
x		1967	Browder, J. (m5.)
x		1977	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 4, 16, 29.)
x		1979	Tassy, P. (comp. w/ Moeritherium; 87.)
		1979	Webb, S.D. (Florida)
x		1980	Sahni & Kumar (comp. w/ Ishatherium; 134.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (?ancestral to trichechids; 599-600, 605, 615-616.)
x	*	1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (Protosiren sp.; Middle Eoc., Florida & North Carolina, 4, 18-63; Late Eoc., Egypt, 55-56.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-380.)
x		1982	Sereno, P.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 7-9.)
x		1983	Bizzotto, B. (comp. w/ Prototherium; 100, 110.)
x		1983	Morgan & Pratt (Eoc., Florida; 24.)
x		1983	Sahni et al. (pelvis comp. w/ Ishatherium; m81.)
x		1985	Thewissen, J.G.M. (skull foramina; 272-273.)
x		1986	Domning et al. (cladistic relationships; 36-37, 39, 45-46.)
x		1987b	Domning, D.P. ("Hippopotamus dubius" referable to Protosiren & not Halitherium; 124.)
		1987	Pilleri, G.
x		1990	Ivany et al. (Middle Eoc., Florida; paleoecology; 250.)
x		1990	O'Shea & Reep (brain; 536.)
		1990	Oliver & Long
x		1992	Hulbert, R.C., Jr. (Florida; in checklist; 28.)
x		2000	Domning, D.P. (locomotor & diving adaptations; 116-118.)
		2010	Beatty & Geisler (Protosiren sp.; Middle Eoc., South Carolina)
		2015	Prothero, D.R. (gen. acc.)

Protosiren dolloi Abel, 1904 ( 5 )
	*	1904a	Abel, O. (n.sp.; nomen nudum)
x	*	1906	Abel, O. (referred to Mesosiren; 52.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 471, 473, 481, 492, 495, 499.)
x		1976	Kordos, L. (m282.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Prototherium veronense; m575.)

Protosiren dubia (Cuvier, 1824) Sickenberg, 1934 ( 7 )
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1952	Hooijer, D.A. (syn. of P.(?) minima; 113.)
x		1966	Kellogg, R. (m68-70.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (m575.)
x		1978	Kordos, L. (m282.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (nature of type material; 387.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (syn. of ?P. minima; m57.)

Protosiren eothene Zalmout, Haq, & Gingerich, 2003 ( 2 )
x	*	2003	Zalmout et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Pakistan; 79-87.)
x		2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.)

Protosiren fraasi Abel, 1907 ( 27 )
x		1906	Abel, O. (nomen nudum; dentiton; 51.)
	*	1907a	Abel, O. (n.gen.n.sp.)
		1908	Priem, F. (Eoc., Egypt)
x		1924	Hay, O.P. (tooth formula; m3.)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 409, 411, 414, 416; tooth replacement, 429; respiratory adaptations, 438.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1938	Zdansky, O. (comp. w/ Eotherium majus; 429, 431-433.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp.; 108.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 16, 18, 21, 23-24.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x		1973	Fuchs, H. ("Prototherium fraasi"; comp. w/ Romanian sir.; 75.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position & occurrence in Africa; 574-575, 579.)
x		1978	Kordos, L. (P. cf. fraasi; Eoc., Hungary; 288-289, pl. 1.)
x		1980	Kordos, L. (m385; nature of type material, 387.)
x		1980	West, R.M. (m510.)
x	*	1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 18, 30, 36-37, 39, 42-44, 55-57, 59.)
x		1985a	Kordos, L. (Hungary; m314.)
x		1986	Domning & Hayek (in cladistic analysis; 132-134.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; 360-361.)
x		1992	Gingerich, P.D. (Egypt; stratigraphic horizon; 11, 71, 75-77.)
x		1992	Thewissen & Domning (character states; 495, 502-503.)
x		1993	Gingerich et al. (India; specimen of Sahni & Mishra, 1975, referred to Cetacea; 410-411.)
x		2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 80-85.)
x		2006	Averianov & Yarkov (comp. w/ enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia)
		2013	Benoit et al. (endocranial morphology)
		2013a	Diedrich, C.G. (Protosiren cf. fraasi; Middle Eoc., Germany; paleobiogeography)
		2021	Avilla & Mothé (in phylogenetic analysis of Afrotheria)

Protosiren minima (Desmarest, 1822) Hooijer, 1952 ( 2 )
x	*	1952	Hooijer, D.A. (n.comb.; senior synonym of P.(?) dubia; 113.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 37, 57.)

Protosiren sattaensis Gingerich, Arif, Bhatti, Raza and Raza, 1995 ( 5 )
	*	1995	Gingerich et al. (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Pakistan)
x		1997	Gingerich et al. (Eoc., Pakistan; 57, 69, 71, 75.)
		2001	Gingerich et al. (Protosiren sattaensis, Eoc., Pakistan; 281, 318.)
x		2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 80-83.)
		2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (comp. w/ Protosiren smithae)

Protosiren smithae Domning and Gingerich, 1994 ( 7 )
		*	1994	Domning & Gingerich (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Egypt; 69-87.)
x			1997	Gingerich et al. (comp. w/ P. sattaensis; 69, 75.)
x			2001c	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Pezosiren portelli; 627.)
x			2003	Zalmout et al. (comp. w/Protosiren eothene; 80-84.)
		*	2012	Zalmout & Gingerich (Late Eoc., Fayum, Egypt)
	D		2014	Cooper et al.
x			2017	Chatterjee et al. (brief summ. of Eoc. record; m92.)

Protosiren veronense [sic] (de Zigno, 1875) Kaltenmark, 1942 ( 1 )
x			1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (n.comb.; ?lapsus for Prototherium veronense; comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp.; 108.)

Protosirenidae Sickenberg, 1934 ( 4 )
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O. (n.fam.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 154, pl. 6.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
		2014	Gingerich & Cappetta (lower Middle Eoc., Togo)

Protosireninae (Sickenberg, 1934) Reinhart, 1959 ( 1 )
		*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (new subfamily; 6, 62-63.)

Prototheriidae Kretzoi, 1941 ( 1 )
x		*	1941	Kretzoi, M. (n.fam.; 155, pl. 6.)

Prototherium ausetanum Balaguer and Alba, 2016 ( 1 )
		*	2016	Balaguer & Alba (n.sp.; Middle Eoc., Spain)

Prototherium de Zigno, 1887 ( 9 )
	*	1887	Zigno, A. de (n.gen.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 153, 155, pl. 6.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 21.)
x		1945	Simpson, G.G. (in classification; 135, 251.)
x		1980	Sahni & Kumar (comp. w/ Ishatherium; 133-134.)
x		1982	Kleinschmidt, A. (m378-380.)
x		1982	Sereno, P.C. (comp. w/ Florentinoameghinia; 7-8.)
x		1991	Domning & de Buffrénil (pachyosteosclerosis; m361.)
x		1997	Gómez-Alba R., J. (Eoc., Spain; 114.)

Prototherium fraasi (Abel, 1907) Fuchs, 1973 ( 1 )
x		*	1973	Fuchs, H. (n.comb.; lapsus for Protosiren fraasi; comp. w/ Romanian sir.; 75.)

Prototherium intermedium Bizzotto, 1983 ( 4 )
x	*	1983	Bizzotto, B. (n.sp.; Late Eoc., Italy; 95-116, 2 pls.)
x		1986	Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.)
	*	1989	Pilleri et al.
	*	2005	Bizzotto, B. (cranial structure)

Prototherium intermedium montserratense (Pilleri in Pilleri, Biosca, & Via, 1989) Bizzotto, 2005 ( 1 )
		*	2005	Bizzotto, B. (new rank; 123.)

Prototherium intermedium solei (Pilleri in Pilleri, Biosca, & Via, 1989) Bizzotto, 2005 ( 1 )
		*	2005	Bizzotto, B. (new rank; 123.)

Prototherium montserratense Pilleri in Pilleri, Biosca, & Via, 1989 ( 4 )
	*	1989	Pilleri et al. (n.sp.; Eoc., Spain)
x	*	1996a	Domning, D.P. (syn. of "P." intermedium; 388.)
	*	2005	Bizzotto, B. (reduced to a subspecies of P. intermedium; 123.)
		2008	Buffrénil et al. (Eoc., Spain; pachyosteosclerosis)

Prototherium solei Pilleri in Pilleri, Biosca, & Via, 1989 ( 3 )
	*	1989	Pilleri et al. (n.sp.; Eoc., Spain)
x	*	1996a	Domning, D.P. (syn. of "P." intermedium; 388.)
	*	2005	Bizzotto, B. (reduced to a subspecies of P. intermedium; 123.)

Prototherium veronense (de Zigno, 1875) de Zigno, 1887 ( 26 )
	*	1887	Zigno, A. de (n.comb.)
x		1902	Andrews, C.W. (comp. w/ Eosiren libyca; 293-294.)
x		1931	Sickenberg, O. (pachyostosis & osteosclerosis, 409, 411, 414; tooth replacement, 429.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (comp. w/ other sirs.; 423, 444, 471-474, 476-478, 480.)
	*	1934b	Sickenberg, O.
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium sp.; 108.)
x		1943	Kaltenmark, J. (phylogeny; 17-19, 21, 23.)
x		1952a	Koenigswald, G.H.R.v. (comp. w/ Indosiren; 611.)
x		1953	Kretzoi, M. (m274.)
x		1966	Piccoli, G. ("P. cf. veronense"; mandible in Priabonian stratotype, Italy; 349-353.)
		1969	Bartolomei, G.
x		1973	Fuchs, H. (comp. w/ Romanian sir.; 72, 76-77.)
x	*	1977	Bizzarini et al. (Late Eoc., Italy; 1-15, pls. 1-2.)
x		1977	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Paralitherium; 366.)
x		1978b	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ N. Pacific sirs.; 4, 12, 16.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (phyletic position; 575-576, 579.)
		1980	Altichieri, L.
x		1980	Kordos, L. (comp. w/ Hungarian Eotheroides; 387-389, 395-397.)
x		1982b	Domning, D.P. (deciduous dentition, comp. w/ Trichechus; 608.)
x		1982	Domning, Morgan & Ray (comp. w/ other Eoc. sirs.; 5, 38-39, 58-59.)
x	*	1983	Bizzotto, B. (comp. w/ P. intermedium, etc.; 99-111.)
x		1986	Domning & Ray (comp. w/ Oregon halitheriine; 272.)
x		1986	Domning et al. (deciduous dentition; 46.)
x		1988	Domning, D.P. (comp. w/ Metaxytherium floridanum; 409-410.)
		2005	Bizzotto, B.
x		2006	Averianov & Yarkov (comp. w/ enigmatic tooth from Eoc. of Russia)

Puerto Rico ( 54 )
		1534	SEE Guzm n, A.E. de, 1960.
		1864	Latimer, G. (TMM)
x		1872a	Murie, J. (TMM; in capt.; 191-192.)
		1882	Stahl, A.
x		1900	Evermann, B.W. (TMM; m25.)
x		1904	Wilcox, W.A. (TMM; near Ceiba; netting; 387.)
x		1914	Rabell Cabrero, N. (indeterminate sirs.; Olig.; 66-69.)
x		1915	Anon. (TMM; in capt., New York; 1216.)
x	*	1916a	Matthew, W.D. (?Halitherium antillense, n.sp.; Olig.; 23-28.)
		1916	Reeds, C.A.
x		1935	Barrett, O.W. (TMM; 216, 218.)
x		1956b	Anon. (TMM; sound production; 39.)
	*	1959	Reinhart, R.H. (Caribosiren turneri, n.gen.n.sp.)
		1960	Guzmán, A.E. de (TMM, 1534; 131.)
x		1970	Erdman, D.S. (TMM; 638.)
x		1980	Monroe, W.H. (indeterminate sirs.; Mioc.; 38, 78.)
x		1980	Ortiz Rivera, E.J. (numerous illustrations of sir. bones.)
x	*	1981	Powell et al. (TMM; status; 642-646.)
		1985	Rathbun, Carr et al. (TMM)
x		1989	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; distr., status, & biogeography; 571-572, 600.)
	*	1990	Freeman & Quintero (TMM; distr.)
x	*	1990	MacPhee & Wyss (Oligo-Mioc. sirs. & localities; 2, 14-17, 21-38, 41.)
		1990	Mignucci, A.A. (TMM; mortality)
x		1995	MacPhee & Iturralde-V. (indet. sir.; Early Olig., Yauco; 15-16.)
x		1996	Boice, L.P. (TM; Roosevelt Roads; protective efforts by U.S. Navy; 4.)
x		1997	Mignucci G. et al. (TM; specimens in museum, Univ. of Puerto Rico; 288-292.)
x		1997	Reid, J.P. (TMM; Roosevelt Roads; radiotracking; 22-23.)
x		1998	Deutsch et al. (TMM; radio-tracking; 20-22, 24-26.)
x		1998	Mignucci G. & Beck (TMM; diet; 394-397.)
x		1998	Ortiz et al. (TMM; in capt.; osmoregulation experiments; 450.)
		1999	Mignucci G., Beck et al. (TMM; parasites & commensals)
x		2000	Lefebvre et al. (TMM; seagrass use; 289-297.)
		2000	Mignucci et al. (TMM; mortality)
x		2003	Falcón et al. (TMM; shark attack; 6-11.)
x		2004	Carvajal, J. (ed.) (TMM; recipe; 100-101.)
		2006	Reid, J.P. (TMM; research programs; gen. acc.)
		2007	Lowry et al. (TMM; conservation status & history of U.S. listing)
		2008	Moore et al. (TMM; cardiac failure)
		2008	Di Carlo & Kenworthy (TMM; recovery of Thalassia from grazing)
		2010	Alves-Stanley et al. (TMM; feeding preferences; stable isotopes)
x	*	2010	Mignucci-G., A.A. (TM; children's book; iv + 56.)
		2012	Hunter et al. (TML, TMM; genetic distinction)
		2012	Bossart et al. (TMM; Toxoplasma gondii; gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, myocarditis)
		2012	Wong et al. (TMM; oral temperature, heart & respiration rate)
	*	2014b	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Priscosiren atlantica, n.gen.n.sp.; Early Olig., Puerto Rico & South Carolina)
	*	2015	Vélez-Juarbe & Domning (Callistosiren boriquensis, n.gen.n.sp.; Late Olig.)
		2017	Wyrosdick et al. (TMM; Toxoplasma gondii)
		2017	Harms-Tuohy & Tuohy (TMM; aggression toward divers by mating herd)
		2017	Wyrosdick, Gerhold et al. (TMM; Toxoplasma gondii)
		2018	Mignucci, Iglesias et al. (TMM; helicopter surveys)
		2019	Palmer et al. (TM; PFAS in plasma)
	*	2019	Collazo et al. (TMM; aerial surveys & population estimates)
		2022	Cabrias-C. et al. (TMM; perinatal bilateral exophthalmia & secondary corneal ulcers)
		2022	Mignucci-G. et al. (TMM; new papillovirus; genital papillomatosis)

Pugmeodon Kaup, 1838 ( 11 )
x	*	1834b	Kaup & Scholl (n.gen.; nomen nudum; 16.)
x	*	1838a	Kaup, J.J. (n.gen.; Middle Olig., Mainz Basin, Germany; 319, pl. 2.)
x		1840	Kaup, J.J. (comp. w/ Manatus; 676.)
x		1847b	Gervais, F.L.P. (syn. of Halitherium; 207, 220.)
x		1872a	Gill, T. (in classification; 92.)
x		1932a	Simpson, G.G. (m481.)
x		1941	Kretzoi, M. (in classification; 151, 154.)
x		1942b	Kaltenmark, J. (m103.)
x		1978c	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Halitherium; m576.)
x	*	1987b	Domning, D.P. (syn. of Halitherium; 122-125.)
	*	2021	Domning, D.P. (nomenclature; syn. of Halitherium)

Pugmeodon schinzii Kaup, 1838 ( 9 )
x	*	1834b	Kaup & Scholl (n.gen.n.sp.; nomen nudum; 16.)
x	*	1838a	Kaup, J.J. (n.gen.n.sp.; Middle Olig., Mainz Basin, Germany; 319, pl. 2.)
x		1839b	Meyer, H.v. (syn. of Halianassa Studeri; 77.)
x		1840	Kaup, J.J. (considered to include Manatus fossilis; 676.)
x		1846	Meyer, H.v. (syn. of Halianassa Collinii; 328.)
x	*	1987b	Domning, D.P. (proposed designation as type species of Halitherium & Halianassa; 122-125.)
x	*	1989	ICZN (designated type species of Halitherium; 83-84.)
	*	2014	Voss, M. (holotype redescribed & illustrated; considered non-diagnostic)
	*	2021	Domning, D.P. (designation of neotype; syn. of Halitherium schinzii)